How to Appeal a Dismissal From College

No one has ever entered college with the goal of being suspended or dismissed. Unfortunately, life happens.  Perhaps you simply werent quite ready for the challenges of college or the freedom of living on your own. Or maybe you encountered factors outside of your control — illness, injury, a family crisis, depression, death of a friend, or some other distraction that made college a lower priority than it needed to be. Whatever the situation, the good news is that an academic dismissal is rarely the last word on the matter. Nearly all colleges allow students to appeal a dismissal. Schools realize that your GPA doesnt tell the whole story and that there are always factors that contributed to your poor academic performance. An appeal gives you the opportunity to put your grades into context, explain what went wrong, and convince the appeals committee that you have a plan for future success. If Possible, Appeal in Person Some colleges allow written appeals only, but if you have the option of appealing in person, you should take advantage of the opportunity.  The members of the appeals committee will think you are more committed to being readmitted if you take the trouble to travel back to college to make your case. Even if the thought of appearing in front of the committee terrifies you, it is still usually a good idea. In fact, genuine nervousness and tears can sometimes make the committee more sympathetic to you. You will want to be well prepared for your meeting and follow strategies for a successful in-person appeal. Show up on time, well dressed, and by yourself (you dont want it to look as tho your parents are dragging you to your appeal). Also, be sure to think about the types of questions youre likely to be asked during an appeal. The committee will certainly want to know what went wrong, and theyll want to know what your plan is for future success. Be painfully honest when youre speaking with the committee members. They will have received information from your professors and advisors as well as student life personnel, so theyre going to know if youre holding back information. Make the Most of a Written Appeal Often in-person appeals require a written statement, and in other situations, an appeal letter is your only option for pleading your case. In either situation, your appeal letter needs to be crafted effectively.   To write a successful appeal letter, you need to be polite, humble, and honest. Make your letter personal, and address it to the Dean or the members of the committee who will be considering your appeal. Be respectful, and always keep in mind that you are asking for a favor. The appeal letter is no place to express anger or entitlement. For an example of a good letter by a student who was overwhelmed by problems at home, be sure to read Emmas appeal letter. Emma owns up to mistakes she made, summarizes the situation that led to the bad grades, and explains how she will avoid similar problems in the future. Her letter focuses on a single and serious distraction from school, and she remembers to thank the committee in her closing. Many appeals are based on situations that are more embarrassing and less sympathetic than a family crisis. When you read Jasons appeal letter, youll learn that his failing grades were the result of problems with alcohol. Jason approaches this situation the only way that is likely to be successful in an appeal: he owns up to it. His letter is honest about what went wrong and just as important, it is clear in the steps that Jason has taken that he has plans to get his problems with alcohol under control. His polite and honest approach to his situation is likely to win the sympathy of the appeals committee. Avoid Common Mistakes When Writing Your Appeal If the best appeal letters own up to the students failures in a polite and honest way, it shouldnt be a surprise that unsuccessful appeals do just the opposite. Bretts appeal letter  makes some serious mistakes beginning in the very first paragraph. Brett is quick to blame others for his problems, and rather than look in the mirror, he points to his professors as the source of his low grades. We clearly arent getting the full story in Bretts letter, and he doesnt convince anyone that he is putting in the hard work that he claims he is. What exactly has Brett been doing with his time that has led to his academic failure? The committee doesnt know, and the appeal is likely to fail for that reason. A Final Word on Appealing a Dismissal If youre reading this, youre most likely in the unenviable position of being dismissed from college. Dont lose hope of returning to school just yet. Colleges are learning environments, and the faculty and staff members on the appeals committee are fully aware that students make mistakes and have bad semesters. Your job is to show that you have the maturity to own up to your mistakes and that you have the ability to learn from your missteps and devise a plan for future success. If you can do both of these things, you have a good chance of appealing successfully. Finally, even if your appeal is not successful, realize that dismissal doesnt need to be the end of your college aspirations. Many dismissed students enroll in a community college, prove that they are capable of succeeding in college coursework, and then reapply to either their original institution or another four-year college.

Personal Statement Self Management - 1773 Words

Self-Management Strength: Self-management requires one to be able to accomplish one’s goals and is responsible for one’s own behavior and well-being. Self-management skill is not only important for oneself, but it can affect one’s surroundings: organization and people. A manager should possess an understanding of ethical issues, have strong work ethic, have high tolerance for ambiguity, and express responsibility toward commitments. I find that self-management is closely tied with self-empowerment because to be able to manage one’s behavior, one has to be motivated to do so. Because for the most parts, I am a motivated individual, I will use my motivation to enhance the ability to manage my behavior. The characteristics that are important to self-management are integrity and honesty because these characteristics deal with ethical issues. Integrity and honesty are two of my values that I try to carry into every task and projects I have done. It is significant for me to dem onstrate these values because trust is the most important in building an interpersonal relationship. Once the trust is broken, the relationship becomes difficult to repair. In the â€Å"Personal Values† assessment, I scored relatively high in all the categories, except spiritual. I find it very interesting that spiritual value is not one of my top values because I am a committed Buddhist who has committed a lot of time for my Buddhist Youth Association. After reflecting on the topic, I have come to aShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Self Management930 Words   |  4 Pages1/ First score Second Score 48 53 1. Accepting personal responsibility 64 70 2. Discovering self-motivation 40 52 3. Mastering self-management 50 58 4. Employing self-management 52 52 5. Gaining self-awareness 61 63 6. Adopting lifelong learning 60 60 7. Developing emotional intelligence 68 68 8. Believing in myself 2/ After doing the self-assessment chart again, I have realized that I have had a significantRead MorePersonal Statement On Self Management Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesthat are active community members and life-long learners. Self-management is taking responsibility for one’s behavior and being able to discipline one’s action in the classroom. I believe the instructor should teach and model self-management at the same time that they teach and model the procedures and practices in a classroom. This teaching and modeling include the reasons behind the practices and continues until the student self-management and class procedures become routine. Attaining students’Read MorePersonal Statement On Self Management1573 Words   |  7 Pagescarried out by making the patients and families feel comfortable warm welcoming when it comes to making decisions in the healthcare setting. I will help them understand to their level of comprehension by involving them in activities related to self management in their health and care. By being there to assist the patient and family during the time of health support will help decrease fear and anxiety of the unknown when health is on the line, providing emo tional support and physical comfort is veryRead MorePersonal Statement : Self Management883 Words   |  4 PagesThe area of personal effectiveness I selected was self-management. In specific, I pick managing yourself for accomplishment because I have been experiencing high levels of stress in this term for the large amount of homework and tests from the five classes I am taking. The three strategies that caught my attention were: focus first on high priority items, focus on one thing at the time, and do it when you think of it. For a period of two weeks, I applied those strategies to my daily life hoping thatRead MoreLsi Paper1065 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment Guidelines Developing a willingness and ability to engage in self-reflection is a critical leadership skill that is not easily learned yet which reaps many rewards. The LSI enables you to examine your own unique way of thinking and how it influences your behavior. Your Assignment: Complete (on your own) the LSI according to the procedure outlined here, so that you end up with your Life Styles Circumplex profile: 12 personal thinking style scores, one score for each section of the circumplexRead More5 Written Assignment 5 Unit 5001V1 Revision 11020 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Chartered Management Institute Approved Centre Level 5 Extended Diploma in Management and Leadership Written Assessment – 5 Unit 5001V1 Instruction Sheet Assignment: Unit 5001V1 – Personal development as a manager and leader Level: 5 Lecturer: Ian Laing Date of Issue: 13th May 2015 Date Due In: 26th June 2015 Format: Word Document submitted to: ianlaing@ihlassociates.karoo.co.uk Read More The Necessity of Personal Responsibility Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal responsibility may be perceived in many ways, but it is imperative to understand the relevance of why it must begin with our self. First, one will never develop an attitude of responsibility if they always look for others to complete their task. It is a necessity that one has personal discipline or their efforts to be responsible will prove to be fruitless. Second, being responsible yields great rewards and acting responsible is a clear sign of maturity. A responsible individual looksRead MoreList The Three Prescriptions That Serve As The Foundation For Development Of Relationship Strategy1183 Words   |  5 Pagesselling process? List the four groups of people with whom sales personal must be able to work effectively. In a consultative sale, building a relationship is important to create identification with one on one communication with the customer to keep the customer feeling confident and safe with the salesperson. A satisfied customer always comes back. 1) Customers 2) Secondary decision makers 3) Company support staff 4) Management personnel 3. Why is partnering described as the highest-qualityRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Innovation1290 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership: A Personal Philosophy To embrace the person that you are, in a time and place where everyone seems to be telling you that you should be everything but the person that you are, is a daunting but worthwhile challenge. I believe that it is in the acceptance of our true selves, imperfections and all, that we gain the ability to view others through a lens colored with compassion and acceptance. It is then that we can become a leader who is self-aware and emotionally competent. Personal PhilosophyRead MoreThe Field Of Nonprofit Management810 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy in the field of nonprofit management focuses on the development of leadership skills for nonprofit managers and provides education in areas such as general operations, human resources, strategies, and fund development (Nachmias, 2008). Students of nonprofit management also develop proficiency in other matters such as nonprofit legal issues, organizational development, donor relations, financial management and fund-raising, volunteer, and human resource management, and pro-gram evaluation, to name

To What Extent Were Hitler and Stalin Similar Free Essays

To what extent were Hitler and Stalin similar? Hitler and Stalin were both cruel dictators around the time of WW2, but to what extent were these two men similar? Firstly they were both dictators throughout WW2; however they were both of different beliefs. Hitler was a fascist and Stalin was a communist, however they were both such extreme versions of these beliefs that they were, in many ways alike. Starting with childhood, Adolf Hitler was born on April 20th 1889 in a small Austrian town called Braunau, near to the German border. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Were Hitler and Stalin Similar? or any similar topic only for you Order Now His father, Alois Hitler was an abusive drunk similar to Stalin’s father, Besarion Vanovis Jughashvili. This evidence suggests that perhaps the bad relationships these men had with their fathers, who made very poor role models, may have had some contribution to the turnout of these dictators. Stalin did not graduate, unlike Hitler; instead he devoted his time to the revolutionary crusade against the Russian monarchy. He spent 15 years as an activist, who was arrested on a number of occasions and exiled six times in total. In 1913 Stalin was captured for the sixth time, and was exiled to a region in Siberia near to the Arctic Circle called Turukhansk. He was then released for a final time in March, 1917, by Alexander Kerensky’s revolution. When you compare Hitler’s life before dictatorship it is obvious that this portion of the men’s life was extensively different. Stalin rose to power as general secretary covertly, into one of the most dominant communist parties at the time. And when revolution leader Vladimir Lenin died in 1924, control was thought by the Russian public, to belong to Leon Trotsky who was the head of the red army. However Stalin rose to power instead and, although he incorporated fear into his tactics of leadership, like Hitler did, his actual claim of control over Russia was visibly dissimilar. Hitler’s early adulthood was difficult, after leaving his school in Vienna he was devastated by the loss of his mother to cancer. Shortly after which he was struck by another heavy blow, as he was rejected from art school and forced to give up his dream of becoming an artist. He was now very poor and living in a doss house with the homeless, it was at this time many historians believe he developed his hatred of Jews as they were generally well-off people thriving in a time when he had nothing, this hatred would later play a major part in the mass genocide he lead during his dictatorship. When Hitler rose to power in 1933 Germany was facing a crisis, the great depression had struck, and America had stopped funding them or buying their goods, causing 6 million people to lose their jobs, on top of that the restrictions Germany had already suffered due to the treaty of Versailles were catastrophic. So, the public began to question their current democratic leadership. For Hitler turning the public against democracy and communism was easy, they already doubted the democratic leadership and since the communist uprisings between 1919 and 1920 that had caused a major panic and the horror stories from Russia and Stalin, people already disliked the communists greatly. He used the similar beliefs between himself and the people to strengthen their relationship and allow them to worship him. Similarly, when Stalin came into power he influenced the people to turn them against his opposition by pointing out their similarities. Stalin was a man of the people, a peasant who had fought in the revolution, and was in the public eye having attended and given the main speech at Vladimir Lenin’s funeral. However, his opposition Leon Trotsky was a Jewish Army leader who did not attend Lenin’s funeral (however sources tell that Stalin tricked Trotsky into not going). This was similar to Hitler because they both focused on what they had in common with the public , and ensured they kept themselves in the public eye as the hero when in actual fact they turned out to be the villains. Another likeness between the two leaders was their use of terror to control their country. Both of the dictators enforced the secret police, who were one of the biggest fears of both countries public, in Russia the secret police were called ‘Cheka’ and in Germany they were known as Gestapo. The secret police were the secret force put together by the government to spy on and capture those who spoke out against them, in Hitler’s case for example the Jews. Once captured by the secret police the prisoners would either be executed or taken away to concentration camps, gulags or ghettos to be tortured and forced to work manual labour. Both men additionally, believed in using children to spy on their parents, in many schools across Germany and Russia the dictator’s beliefs were broadcasted to young children, they were taught to snitch on their parents if they spoke out against the government. When using propaganda Hitler was linked to Stalin through their use of twisting the public’s mind. Many historical sources depict images of Hitler or images of Stalin hugging women and children and leading the army, in addition to this almost all of their osters depicted their political parties symbol, which with Nazis symbol (swastika)ironically meant good fortune and peace. A major difference was that Stalin’s posters were much more general, much more of Stalin loving the public whereas Hitler’s posters clearly defined his policies. For instance Nazi propaganda was widely images of the Hitler youth army, the Aryan race (the race Hitler believed to be superior to all others- blonde hair/blue eyes) and many images of ugly Jewish people perhaps eating German babies. Often when observing Hitler and Stalin people overlook the changes they made for the good. In Hitler’s case he promised policies such as Lebensraum (the need for living space) -the reclaiming of land lost in the treaty of Versailles and, he promised to increase the army size from 100,000 to 1,400,000. He also came up with the Hitler youth army providing leisure events such as holidays, trips and sports events, moreover he gave the Germans cheaper cinema and theatre tickets and provided them with better meals. He greatly improved the quality of German working facilities, as well as providing loans to married couples, and encouraging the birth of children by saying that the more children you had the less you had to pay back form the loans. Overall the main thing he provided to the poor Germans who had lost so much since WW1. Stalin gave the public hope for triumph for over the cruel grip of fascism taking the current revolution a step further. He made his country a world power alongside the USA, not like Hitler who made Germany suffer a colossal loss after WW2. He greatly improved Russian industries and economy, the farming in Russia increased by 200 %. Additionally Stalin increased by decades the life expectancy of many Russians, he also enriched the lives of many Russians who lost faith especially throughout WW2. Furthermore, during Stalin’s rule he significantly enhanced the standard of women’s rights by allowing them to receive education and employment and permitting them to give birth in hospitals with prenatal care. Opposing Hitler immensely, who sacked hundreds of women believing their purpose was to stay at home with the children, and cook and clean. On June 22nd, 1941 Hitler, feeling himself losing the war and growing paranoid of Stalin’s communist power invaded Russia calling it Operation Barbarossa. It was a foolish decision which lost him a large portion of his army, and the war essentially. Stalin triumphed and by mid-April of 1945, Soviet forces had pushed their way into Berlin, and Hitler and his wife Eva killed themselves in order to escape the terrible punishments of losing the war. Stalin died later on in 1953 on March 5th, 1953 a stroke. In conclusion although they were both at the furthest ends of right wing communism (Stalin) and fascism (Hitler), they were indeed so extreme, that in a way, they were a like. There methods of control, torture and advertisement were so remarkably alike and, their mass genocides will go down as two of the most dreadful, but painfully similar events in history. So to a certain extent I do agree that these dictators were very similar from a particularly young age, though at many significant points in their lives they did show great dissimilarities. How to cite To What Extent Were Hitler and Stalin Similar?, Papers

Monitoring and Evaluation free essay sample

Question: Write an essay on monitoring and evaluation (ME) in which you: describe the difference between monitoring and evaluation distinguish between participatory ME and conventional ME describe how participatory monitoring and evaluation (PME) is used in practice with specific reference to case studies from China Title: Monitoring and Evaluation (ME) TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1 Introduction3 2 The difference between monitoring and evaluation3 3 Distinguishing Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation from conventional Monitoring and Evaluation4 4 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) in practice4-6 5 Conclusion7 6 Bibliography8 7 List of Sources8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION (ME) 1 Introduction How do we know if a project has achieved efficiency, been appropriate to its stakeholders and provided adequate benefit to as many stakeholders as possible? Has the project produced unwanted or beneficial side effects? Has new knowledge been generated and what learnings can we take from the project? Is the project or elements thereof replicable? This essay explores Monitoring and Evaluation (ME) as part of the project cycle. In order to provide context, it defines monitoring and evaluation and distinguishes between them. It then provides a critical discussion on the difference between Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) and conventional Monitoring and Evaluation (ME). Finally, it focuses on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation and how it is used in practice with specific reference to a case study from China by Jianchu Qui Vernooy. 2 The difference between monitoring and evaluation Let us first define monitoring and evaluation in order to establish the context. Cloete and Rabie (2009:2) choose the following definition of evaluation by Mark, Greene Shaw: â€Å"Evaluation literally means ‘to work out the value (of something)’ in its Latin root ‘valere’. † Applied to the project cycle, Evaluation â€Å"looks at the bigger picture to make judgments about the worth of the entire project, within context. † (Cornwell, Modiga, Mokgupi, Plaatjie, Rakolojane, Stewart Treurnicht 2009:83) Evaluation answers the question: â€Å"Was our plan a good one? † (Cornwell et al 2006:83) Monitoring on the other hand is concerned more with the ongoing assessment of the project during implementation. According to Cornwell et al (2006:83) â€Å"Monitoring focuses on whether things are happening on time, within budget, and to standard. In essence, monitoring asks the question, â€Å"Did we follow our project design? †Ã¢â‚¬  Extrapolating from the text and from this writer’s Project Management experience, applied to the Results Based logic model, Monitoring is concerned with the assessment of inputs, activities and outputs, whilst Evaluation assesses outcomes and impacts. A key difference between Monitoring and Evaluation is thus the focus. Monitoring is typically focussed on the project implementation activities, which take place in the short to medium term, whilst Evaluation is typically focussed on the ‘big picture’ level of the medium to long term. Another difference is also who is typically concerned with the data produced by Monitoring and Evaluation. From this writer’s experience, the Project Manager, Project Team and Implementing Organisation are typically interested in the data produced by Monitoring. In terms of the data produced by Evaluation, this is the level of data that donors are particularly interested in. This information would also be of interest to project stakeholders. Whilst it is of interest to the Project Manager, Project Team and Implementing Organisation as a whole, Evaluations have traditionally been written for the donor as target audience. 3 Distinguishing Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation from conventional Monitoring and Evaluation Unlike the â€Å"conventional monitoring and evaluation system that works the best as a reporting system in the public sector† (Khan 2006:1), Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation is geared towards involving the project stakeholders in the Monitoring and Evaluation of the project. It would be an oversimplification to simply say that Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation is preferable and superior to conventional Monitoring and Evaluation. Cloete and Rabie (2009:7) propose a classification system for monitoring and evaluation approaches which uses three main classification categories, namely scope, philosophy and design. Such a classification system allows the Monitoring and Evaluation practitioner to select an appropriate type of ME depending on the project situation. That said, Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation does have definite merits when compared to conventional Monitoring and Evaluation. Cornwell et al (2009:86) summarize these merits as follows: â€Å"Basically, when done properly, participatory evaluation promotes empowerment, confidence, self-esteem and independence. † Let us draw out the key hallmarks of Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation outlined in the literature reviewed. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation is planned together with the stakeholder group involved in the evaluation. They assist to set questions that are appropriate. The Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation is also conducted with stakeholder involvement. The involvement of project stakeholders in this participatory manner results in the development of the participants’ skills in terms of evaluation (capacity building) and also results in utility beyond just a final report, because the participants through their exposure to the project, become informed stakeholders who through the interactions established are empowered to better engage with the project team. A better understanding of the local context is also developed through Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation than through conventional Monitoring and Evaluation. There is a move from the conventional ME focus of accountability to the donor to shared accountability in Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation. To summarize, the key difference between Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation and conventional Monitoring and Evaluation is the participatory approach of Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation, whereby the evaluation team draws project stakeholders into the mix and the evaluator plays the role of facilitator or team leader. 4 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) in practice Let us now focus on how Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation is used in practice with specific reference to a case study from China by Jianchu, Qui Vernooy. Jianchu, Qui Vernooy’s article (2009:388) â€Å"examines the capacity-building experiences of two research teams in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces in south-west China who used participatory monitoring and evaluation to strengthen their development research, particularly in the area of natural resource management. † Two groups of research teams of the Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) programme of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) had identified that they wanted to build their capacity in terms of Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation. The teams underwent training which was conducted simultaneously. This enabled them to utilize the Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation approach through fieldwork. The fieldwork took place during the course of the training. The discussion that follows will focus on the aspects of the Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation approach that are replicable in other projects and not on the specifics of the research into Natural Resource Management. The following techniques paraphrased from the case study of Jianchu et al (2009:390-2) were applied and are listed chronologically: Capacity building training in Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation was offered through three workshops. Research already done was the starting point from which the capacity building process proceeded. The intention was to add PME to ongoing research efforts. The workshops were offered at the same time as field work was undertaken. Participants from both teams attended the workshops together. This allowed for cross-pollination and knowledge sharing. The workshops covered some of the following content: â€Å"Key concepts, approach and basic questions related to PME. † (Jianchu et al 2009:391) â€Å"Exercises that involved identifying and discussing research gaps linked to the six PME questions (why? for whom? what? who? when? how? )† (Jianchu et al 2009:392) â€Å"In small groups, the most important of the identified gaps were debated, and suggestions were made for additional research work. † (Jianchu et al 2009:392) Providing feedback through a ‘market’ exercise whereby participants shared what they â€Å"would ‘buy’ (i. e. adopt) from each other, and what they would do differently. † (Jianchu et al 2009:392) True to the ethos of Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation, the way in which the workshops were conducted was participatory and geared towards creating shared understanding amongst participants. The knowledge gained through the workshops assisted the participants in terms of their Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation approach to the fieldwork. At the first workshop, a draft PME plan was generated by each team. The action plan answered the six PME questions (why? for whom? what? who? when? how? ) The fieldwork between workshop one and two involved an initial one-day workshop with project stakeholders (in this case farmers from two villages and township officials). By consulting the stakeholders, the research team was able to update their action plan to include indicators that were more appropriate to the stakeholders. At the second workshop, the results of the fieldwork and updated action plans were presented. During the second workshop, further information was generated by the participants through a process of asking questions. An improved plan was drawn up. For the fieldwork, the following methods and tools were used: â€Å"Focus group discussions, key-informant interviews and meetings were held to take feedback and discuss findings. † (Jianchu et al 2009:393) â€Å"The two PME teams used PRA tools such as resource mapping, focused group discussion, key informant interviewing, and ranking. † (Jianchu et al 2009:393) Gender sensitivity was observed during data analysis and women played an important role in providing information. Feedback about the fieldwork results was given to the stakeholders who participated in the fieldwork. The team introduced self-monitoring instruments in four villages. These were progressively improved with the support of the stakeholders from the villages. Self-monitoring booklets were distributed to the households involved in the self-monitoring. The booklets were designed to be simple and visual. Village meetings were instituted. These were held every three months with the purpose of assessing the situation at the time, collecting comments from the self-monitoring process and troubleshooting problems if they arose. At the third (final) workshop, the participants assessed the overall experience and looked at the way forward on the project and organisational levels. Results: The following results were attributed to the participatory evaluation exercise outlined above: â€Å"the training and fieldwork in particular contributed greatly to a better understanding by researchers and local government officials of farmers’ interests and needs. † (Jianchu et al 2009:398) â€Å"The experiences also suggest that strengthening the processes for peer networking, review, and support are powerful means to build capacities. † (Jianchu et al 2009:398) Project stakeholders took more active and empowered involvement in the project after their experience of being involved in the participatory evaluation. 5 Conclusion This essay has explored Monitoring and Evaluation (ME) as a means for assessment. It distinguished between Monitoring and Evaluation to provide context. Thereafter, it provided a critical discussion on the difference between Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) and conventional Monitoring and Evaluation (ME). Finally it focused on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation and how it is used in practice with specific reference to a case study from China by Jianchu, Qui Vernooy.

McSwain Union elementary school District

Table of Contents Basic demographic information Mathematics and science curriculum guide Parent’s involvement Bell schedule Parent-student handbook School website Reference Basic demographic information McSwain elementary school is located in Marced County, California. It has a population of 836 students including qualified teachers. School also accommodates students from different ethnic backgrounds and offers 27 major academic courses. The population of white students is 49% while blacks make 1% of the total number of students. Moreover, students from Latin America are 39% while Asians make 4% of the total student population.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on McSwain Union elementary school District specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It also has 1% of the Filipino students and 2% from other countries. According to McSwain Union elementary school District’s mission statement, it is devot ed to excellence and training of all the learners through the assistance of the teachers and the community at large. The population of GATE learners in the school is approximately 10% while those students studying English makes 14% of the total number of students. 40 percent of the students are entitled to free lunch. Mathematics and science curriculum guide McSwain Union elementary school District’s mathematics curriculum is aimed at making students understand that mathematics can be used as a thinking device. Through mathematics, students are not only taught how to effectively communicate with each other, but also solve various problems. Their mathematics curriculum is arranged into five categories. Students will have to first cover topics in number sense and operations. They will also have to cover topics in algebra, geometry, and measurement. The learners will cover topics in statistics and probability. In science, students will cover topics on earth and physical sciences . They will also be expected to carry out various studies in every science unit. Besides, learners will be expected to create hypothesis and make concrete judgments. Studying science concepts, ethics, and theories will also be part of their science curriculum. Parent’s involvement According to the McSwain Union elementary school District’s culture, parental support and involvement are highly encouraged. Therefore, they are also considered to be part of the school’s success. Parents and the entire community spend most of their time helping in the study rooms and library. They also provide assistance with curriculum activities like sports. Parents are members of the McSwain Community Club which provides assistance to the students. They also form part of the School Site Council. Members of this club meet every year to evaluate the school’s progress. Bell schedule McSwain Union elementary school District’s normal learning starts at 8:10 AM and ends at 2:50 PM. Moreover, teddy bell rings at 9:54 AM where students are expected to stay in their study rooms before going for a 10:10 AM break. Lunchtime bell starts from 11:10 AM to 2:00 PM depending on the level of study. The above bell schedules can only be changes during winter when it is cold.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Parent-student handbook Parent-student handbook does not only contain information on school hours, but also visitation programs and rules. It also contains the names of staff members and the school’s mission statement. Moreover, it has information on how parents should take part in various activities within and outside the school. Parent-student handbook contains school’s map, policies, and rules. School website On the school’s website, there is a three dimensional cover photo indicating the location of the school. Down below the ph oto, there are two flags on both sides (McSwain School, 2013). The American flag is on the left hand side and the school’s flag is on the right. Their website is also considered to be complete because it has a lot of information about the school. Some of the features available at the school’s website are: Board calendar, school history, API scores, and parent portal. In conclusion, the school’s website is very instructive and up to date. Reference McSwain School (Web log post). (2013). McSwain Union Elementary School District. Retrieved from https://www.mcswain.k12.ca.us/ This critical writing on McSwain Union elementary school District was written and submitted by user Marie Thompson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

General Information on the Writing Process

General Information on the Writing Process What Is the Writing Process Writing is a complex combination of skills which is best taught by breaking down the process. The writing process involves a series of steps to follow in producing a finished piece of writing. 5 Easy Writing Process Steps STEP 1. The writing process usually begins with the writer wanting or having to convey something. They must have a desire or obligation to share something important with their reader. A student writing an essay or paper must not only complete the assignment, they must seek to make sure their professor, or reader, understands the idea, impression or feeling they are attempting to communicate. A journalist responsible for writing an article or column must write in a way so that most every reader understands the point of telling the story in the first place. A person writing copy for an advertisement, or writing a script for a commercial, is ultimately writing to communicate a message – that the product being featured should be purchased. ESSAY FORMAT In higher education, the same goes for the student writing to complete an assignment. They are either a given a particular topic to write about, or students are provided a basic assignment where they have to create an argument about a topic of their choice as long as it pertains to the course. Free writing and research are ideal ways to begin the writing process. It always benefits the student to research a topic they are writing about. This informs them, educates them and helps them begin to mentally frame their essay. A quick online search is a good place to begin collecting information to make one’s argument or point. The student conducting the research should also write down important information and thoughts that come to their mind as they read. STEP 2. Most academic essays and papers call for some argument to be made, a point that the student will defend in their essay with credible evidence. In this step, the student chooses the direction of their essay, what it will argue for or against. But as they do so, they should keep in mind that their mission is to convince the reader that their argument has credibility, that it’s believable and true. So the student must use the body paragraphs of their essay to provide evidence that validates what they are arguing. STEP 3. Next in the writing process: planning and outlining the first draft of the essay. This requires accomplishing the previous steps and building on them. The student will center the entire essay on the thesis statement, incorporating it into each and every paragraph for emphasis. In the outline, they are to literally plan out the content and placement of each paragraph; they are to strategically place certain information into each essay to further solidify the point they are going to make when the write the first draft of their essay. STEP 4. Next in the writing process is the actual plugging away at the keyboard – the writing of the first draft. It requires a professional and conversational tone, one that speaks with confidence and conviction. Writing is not everyone’s forte. That’s a given. But writing these kinds of essays trains a student to make a case for something – which is often required verbally in the workforce, whether it’s why someone deserves a raise, a newer office, a different route, a longer lunch, a better assistant. People, in all aspects of life, to be successful or to get what they want in life, must have the ability to convince another person that what they are arguing is true. STEP 5. Once the first draft is written, it’s time to reread the essay for many reasons. One, in particular, is making sure the argument the essay is attempting to make is done successfully, that it ultimately convinces the reader to believe the argument the essay is making. Also, an essay should be reread several times in search of misspelled words, punctuation errors and incomplete sentences. Once errors are found, they should be corrected promptly. Finally, once this is done and the student is confident in their essay, they should read it once more before turning it into their professor for a graded evaluation. If you need help with essay writing, is your best bet. Our professional writers can provide professional assistance writing on virtually any topic. In order to request assistance, visit our order page and place an order!

Benefits of Sustainability Driven Innovation

Monitoring system is effective for an organization to understand whether they are following the proper method or taking the right steps to achieve the goal that have been set by the organization (Werbach, 2013). The indicators in the monitoring system can be pared to the factors that will help in understanding whether the motoring system is helping the organization to understand whether they are fooling the right path. The monitoring system should be able to measure the output that will reflect the strategies that have been set by the organization (Ferguson & Souza, 2016). The monitoring system will be able to identify the main problem that will be faced by an organization while they are operating in the market. The monitoring system needs to be iodated regularly so that the employers can keep a track of the changes that are taking place in the organization. The monitoring system should be user-friendly so that the management can easily use it. The employees should not need any extra training to operate it. The pany should not have to bear any cost to run the monitoring system. Even if they have to bear any cost, then the system should be cost-effective enough so that they do not have to plan any extra expenditure to implement the monitoring system. Not only the monitoring system but also the indicators should be effective so that the monitoring system will be helpful to identify the strength and weakness of the organization (Sloan, Klingenberg & Rider, 2013). The indicators should be relevant. The indicators should be able to show the things that the organization need to know. The indicators should be easy to understand. The employees should be needing any extra training to understand the meaning of the indicators. The organization should not have to hire any expert to understand the indicators. The employees of the organization as well as the employer should be able to trust the indicators. The indicators should be reliable and highlight the correct data needed by the organization. Any wrong information given by the indicators will take the organization in some other direction. The indicators should not be consisting of those data that cannot be accessed by the people of the organization. The data should be accessible that wil l make up the indicators. The organization should have the time to act if the indicators show something is wrong. Indicators cannot be called effective if that does not give time for the employees and the employer to make things right after they have noticed something wrong. Rio Tinto needs a proper management system mainly because of two reasons. They have to go up the dunphy scale. Secondly, to go up the dunphy scale, they have need funds that could help them to implement more sustainable measures. The indicators of the monitoring system that will measure the actions of Rio Tinto should keep in mind the profit as well as sustainability to help them go up the Dunphy’s scale. They need to keep a check on the profit to see that whether their steps are enhancing the business. They need to keep a check on the employee engagement and so that there is balance between the urban employees and the aboriginal employees. The certifications by the external organization are necessary as they will help them to spread their goodwill gestures and help them acquire more clients and finances for their business. The Dunphy’s scale is the best way to measure whether the business of an organization is sustainable enough. Rio Tinto has taken many measure towards sustainable development if the business. Some are directed towards the environment while some are socio-cultural in nature (Beckmann, Hielscher & Pies, 2014). They have taken steps to make help the aboriginal as a many parts of the land that are possessed by the aboriginals are being used by the organization for mining purpose (Riotinto , 2017). Following is the Dunphy’s scale: The sustainable development of Rio Tinto is worth mentioning and they aim at developing a socio-cultural development of the society. They help in development of the aboriginals who are living in the area and working with the organization (Sidiropoulos, 2014). The aboriginal were ill-treated when in the year, 1963 when the Mapoon mission was closed even after the discovery of bauxite reserve in the year, 1955. The contribution of the indigenous people like Old Matthew (Wakmatha) and George Wilson (Piiramu) was not overlooked after the mission was halted. Six years down the lane after the incident took palce, tio tinto is workimnh in close contact with the aboriginals. Some of the agreements that have helped in the partnership of Rio Tinto and the aboriginals are: Status of Rio Tinto is at the ‘efficiency’ stage of the Dunphy’s scale. The human sustainability is stresses upon in the efficiency stage of the Dunphy’s scale. Rio Tinto aims at development with the help of the aboriginals (Riotinto , 2017). The ratio of the aboriginals who are working for the organization is not in balance with the area that is being used for the operations of the pany. 60 percent of the land that are under the aboriginals are used to get the minerals but only 6 percent of the population are involved in the workforce. The place is hugely exploited by Rio Tinto to mine the metals and hence, it is necessary that the workforce should have more aboriginals. Even though Rio Tinto is planning to incorporate for aboriginals in their business, yet they are unable to find a way that will help in reducing the exploitation of the environment. The main aim of involving the aboriginals in their program is to take their help to get an idea for land rehabilitation program. The idea of land rehabilitation is in the pipeline and the involvement of the aboriginals will be helpful as they could tell the ways to restore nature even after mining the land to extract the metals and the minerals. Rio Tinto can be said to be in the efficiency phase as they are not able to implement any such idea to restore the land but the discussions are still on to get such an idea. They are employing the aboriginal, which is a good step but they are not able to employ a huge number of people. The aboriginals should be employed in huge numbers as they are exploiting their land and they have the best idea about the land (Buxel, Esenduran & Griffin, 2015). The main aim of every organization should be to reach phase six of the scale but the phase six, which is the sustaining corporation phase. However, the phase has been considered to be too abstract and is not possible in reality (Kiron   et al., 2013). The employer would then be left with minimum profit to support the employees who are working in the organization (Sharma & Hart, 2014). Hence, Rio Tinto should aim at reaching phase 5, which is the strategic sustainability phase. The organization should have diversity at workplace by balancing the workforce (Wagner & Svensson, 2014). There should be equal number of aboriginals and urban employees. The aboriginals do not receive proper training and specific skills to get employment. Hence, it will be the duty of Rio Tinto to educate the people and help them get a job in the organization. They do receive preliminary education but the skills that are needed for mining jobs. It is the duty of the organization to teach the aboriginals about the mining techniques and help them get a job. In this way, they will be able to attain the strategic sustainability phase. The organization has been able to witness a reduction of 30% in the indigenous turnover. Environmental concerns, which is another area that should be taken into consideration (Sloan, Klingenberg & Rider, 2013). If more number of aboriginal populations is employed in the organization, they will be able to know the ways that will help them save the land of t he aboriginals even after mining is done (Werbach, 2013). Rio Tinto is a British-Australian multinational mining pany with its headquarters in London, United Kingdom (Riotinto , 2017). The pany consisted of Rio Tinto Plc, which is a London and New York stock exchange pany and Rio Tinto Limited, which is an Australian Securities Exchange. The business of Rio Tinto is based on four factors: They aim at finding the mineral resources and deliver them to the customers and the clients. They value the shareholders of the pany and work to deliver the best returns with the help of the assets of the pany and projects that they take up for the clients. As far as the workforce is concerned, Rio Tinto possesses 55,000 employees. The operations of the organization are spread in 40 countries and the employees work in strong teams. The organization always follows the motto of safety first when it es to the employees. They believe in innovation and the employees work hard to make those innovations a reality and never steps back from learning something. The major products for Rio Tinto are industrial minerals like salt, titanium dioxide and borates. Other major products are gold, aluminum, diamonds and copper (Riotinto , 2017). The metals that are mined by Rio Tinto are converted into end-products and those products are used for development of the living standards and other economic developments of the society. The innovations that are applied to work are not limited to work. Innovations are applied for sustainable development. The organization faces with various challenges like climate change, regional munity development, resource scarcity and munity employment. The best part of Rio Tinto is that the organization does not see the challenges as challenges but opportunities. They aim at getting over the challenges and help in developing a sustainable business. After going through the case of Rio Tinto and placing it on the Dunphy’s Scale it can be concluded that the organization is performing well as it is on the efficiency phase of the scale. The pany involves the aboriginals in their business as most of their land has been used for the mining purposes. However, there is a huge gap between the number of urban employees as and the aboriginal employees. In addition to this, the land exploitation is affecting the environment. It can be said once they employee more aboriginal employees, they will help in giving ides to save the land. The monitoring system suggests that they need to keep a check on the profit, the employee engagement and the result of the external organization. The development plan includes the business model canvas, which will help Rio Tinto to go up from the ‘efficiency’ phase to ‘strategic sustainability’ phase. Beckmann, M., Hielscher, S., & Pies, I. (2014). mitment Strategies for Sustainability: How Business Firms Can Transform Trade?Offs Into Win–Win Ou es.  Business Strategy and the Environment,  23(1), 18-37. Buxel, H., Esenduran, G., & Griffin, S. (2015). Strategic sustainability: Creating business value with life cycle analysis.  Business Horizons,  58(1), 109-122. Ferguson, M. E., & Souza, G. C. (Eds.). (2016).  Closed-loop supply chains: new developments to improve the sustainability of business practices. CRC Press. Globalreporting.org,. (2017).  About GRI.  Globalreporting.org. Retrieved 10 January 2017, from https://www.globalreporting.org/information/about-gri/Pages/default.aspx Integratedreporting.org,. (2017).  Integrated Reporting.  Integratedreporting.org. Retrieved 10 January 2017, from https://integratedreporting.org/ ISO,. (2017).  ISO - International Organization for Standardization.  ISO. Retrieved 10 January 2017, from https://www.iso.org/iso/home.html Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Reeves, M., & Goh, E. (2013). The benefits of sustainability-driven innovation.  MIT Sloan Management Review,  54(2), 69. Riotinto ,. (2017).  About Rio Tinto.  Riotinto . Retrieved 9 January 2017, from https://www.riotinto /aboutus/about-rio-tinto-5004.aspx Riotinto ,. (2017).  Working together for a better future.  Riotinto . Retrieved 10 January 2017, from https://www.riotinto /ou mitment/spotlight-18130_18749.aspx Sharma, S., & Hart, S. L. (2014). Beyond â€Å"saddle bag† sustainability for business education.  Organization & Environment, 1086026614520713. Sidiropoulos, E. (2014). Education for sustainability in business education programs: a question of value.  Journal of cleaner production,  85, 472-487. Sloan, K., Klingenberg, B., & Rider, C. (2013). Towards sustainability: Examining the drivers and change process within SMEs.  Journal of Management and Sustainability,  3(2), 19. Wagner, B., & Svensson, G. (2014). A framework to navigate sustainability in business networks: The transformative business sustainability (TBS) model.  European Business Review,  26(4), 340-367. Werbach, A. (2013).  Strategy for sustainability: A business manifesto. Harvard Business Press. Looking for an answer 'who will do my essay for cheap',

Equity and Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Equity and Trusts - Essay Example By the delivery of the gift, it can thus be understood that the gift can be considered as perfect when the donor of the gift actually surrenders the control or the right of the property. The intention of the donor making the gift is identified by the court with regard to certain circumstances. These circumstances include the relationship between the parties involved in the exchange of the gift, behaviour of the donor in the event of the exchange of the gift and the actual amount of the gift. The donor must also possess the legal capacity to deliver a gift to someone. Correspondingly, the final element is the acceptance of the gift wherein the person taking the gift must accept it at the time of the delivery. On completion of these three elements, the court would recognise such gift as a ‘perfect gift’. If in any case, the court is unable to identify the following three elements in the exchange of the gift then it is considered as the ‘imperfect gift’, which was also ruled in the Milroy v Lord case2. The aim of this study is to reveal the actual meaning of the perfect gift and the process through which the law has developed exception that the equity is unable to assist the volunteer to perfect an imperfect gift. The study has also tried to analyse the scope of further development in the particular area. Exceptions to the Maxim That ‘Equity Will Not Assist a Volunteer to Perfect an Imperfect Gift’ In the Milroy v Lord case, the main issue intended to prove whether the transferor of the property was really the trustee so that the gift could be treated as a ‘perfect gift’ or an ‘imperfect gift’ if otherwise. The question that rose in the context of this case was that the property was actually registered in the name of Tom Medley or was this was only an interest of Elena in order to enjoy the full right of the property. The case was in possession of the property and the limitations that were levied on the equity of the gift. Elena, niece of Tom Medley was getting married very soon. After the marriage of Elena, Medley had given some dividends from the shares to Elena, which was immediately handed over to the trustee or the Lord. Lord had deposited these shares in the Bank of Louisiana. Soon after the death of Medley, various issues rose such as whether these shares in the bank came under the possession of Medley or were they are the part of Lord’s property. Nevertheless, the real fact was that the shares were not once enumerated in the name of Lord rather it was always in the name of Medley3. At the end of the case, the court held a decision that Elena had no possession of any kind of property in the Bank of Louisiana as the title was never handed over to Lord from Medley. In this case, Lord was only acting as the trustee of the shares but the actual beneficiary was Elena. This case has given rise to a number of issues such as the ‘creation of trust’ and the ex ception that the ‘equity will not assist a volunteer to perfect an imperfect gift’4. In a general sense, trust is a legally binding agreement in which an individual transfers the legal control of the property to another person, namely the trustee, to manage the property effectively for the sake of the beneficiary. A trust usually is levied during the lifetime of the individual

Case Study Module 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 3 - Case Study Example Dr. MacIntyre finds that the drug Valium in the Avery Clinic was unaccounted. Despite this, her outdated records management system is unable to affirm if the drugs were physically missing. The next problem is the increasing absenteeism of her associate Stephen Saltzman. With Mr. Saltzman not working full time, the sales figures at the Avery clinic are negatively impacted. He is also not available as often as he is expected to be thus disappointing many clients. Mr. Saltzman also seems to have a poor work ethic. Dr.MacIntyre by analyzing the amount spent on tests at the Avery clinic concludes that he may not be taking the time to diagnose properly. These issues point to a bigger problem which is the poor monitoring of the Avery clinic. It is evident from the case that Dr. MacIntyre is closely involved with the Johnsonville clinic where she puts up but not so with the Avery clinic. A new branch or venture always needs close attention to be paid. (Kishel & Kishel, 2005) Leaving the Avery clinic to its own devices seems to cause of all the problems the business is facing. A cause of immediate concern is the few hours been put in Avery and poor work ethic by Mr. Saltzman at Avery. This is because the two directly influence income and customer satisfaction. The hours Mr. Saltzman is not attending to clients are all hours not spent billing. Not taking enough time to diagnose animals is poor service delivery and leads to unhappy clients. Neglecting client’s needs ruins the reputation of the business. (Scott, 1991) As a result of the problems mentioned above, other areas of the business suffer. Profitability has gone down in the Avery clinic because as a direct result of the absenteeism of Stephen Saltzman. It has gone down in Johnsonville as Dr. MacIntyre had to reduce her hours of working to travel to and from Avery to assist with the workload there. Strategic direction for the company also suffers as the lack of sufficient

Human motivation Essay Example for Free

Human motivation Essay In studying human motivation, one of the key concepts includes the notion of needs and drives which may be the spring boards of actions or behavior. In line with these, efforts were exerted to look into the possible link of control of one’s impulsivity and certain critical behaviors that may affect any individual undertaking, his normal development through life’s stages, and possibilities of disorders or problems with the person’s overall functioning (Baumeister et al. ; Mischel et al, 1989). There is an offshoot of these studies (Hom and Knight, 1996) which highlights delayed gratification and the advantages of individuals who understand either by training or by serendipitous circumstances the rationality of their choices. Delaying the gratification of certain desires at the present entails certain calculations of the possible effects of these options at a certain point in the future. It involves the understanding of â€Å"profiting† from what the self is deprived of at the present to secure a better output or outcome in the near future. According to studies, a person who has been reared to control many of the urges to satisfy immediate needs or wants, may reap immense benefits in terms of significant life choices; choices that spell longevity (living physically healthy), prospect of better income, and healthier relationships. There are various reasons offered why this is so, but more often, the results of these choices to delay gratification oftentimes reveal the benefits; otherwise, when immediate satisfaction is allowed in most cases, the awareness of detrimental effects becomes a stark reality. The issue pertains to persistence, control, character development, cementing of values that enables a person to become an asset rather than become a liability to one’s community. Implications of a person’s ability to delay his or her immediate gratification (because of the prospect of more favorable results later) include responsibility over his/her actions and decisions and thereby increasing awareness of consequences including those which not only impact his/her own survival but also the effects of his/her decisions and actions to the people around (Mischel et al, 1989). References: 1. Baumeister, Roy, Brandon Schmeichel,Kathleen Vohs. Self-regulation and the Executive function: The Self as controlling agent. Accessed October 13, 2008 http://72. 14. 235. 104/search? q=cache:qpSCcMZijV0J:www. csom. umn. edu/assets/71708. pdf+Explain+the+value+and+importance+of+delayed+gratification+in+human+motivationhl=tlct=clnkcd=46gl=ph 2. Hom, Harry, Jr. Heather Knight, 1996. Delay of Gratification: Mothers Predictions about Four Attentional Techniques; Journal of Genetic Psychology, Vol. 157. 3. Mischel, W. , Shoda, Y. Rodriguez, M. L. 1989. Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244, 933-938.

Labor Movements in Italy, Greece, and Turkey Essay examples -- Trade E

Labor Movements in Italy, Greece, and Turkey As a general rule of thumb, European trade movements have been stronger and more effective than those in the United States. Thus the major economic recession in the early 1980s, though experienced worldwide, hit especially hard in Europe, causing unprecedented damage to individual trade unions and labor movements in the postwar era. Governments felt the strain and responded by clamping down on efforts to increase wages and benefits. The European governments became obstinately rigid when approached by labor leaders, refusing to budge, determined that their deflationary policies would bring the countries out of the economic abyss. Starting n the 1980s, labor movements lost their vigor as they witnessed a sharp decline in their influence on governmental policy as the economic situation worsened. Unemployment increased and, with a declining ability to provide job security, membership in trade unions dropped. Over 4.5 million blue-collar jobs have permanently disappeared since1979 (Melcher 80) and unemployed trade union members rarely stay active.? Feeling the daunting shadow of unemployment and fearful of losing their own jobs, union members became more reluctant to strike, therefore lowering their prestige by giving the impression that they are unable to have any influence on the course of events.? One member pointed out why:? ?when times are worst, when the worker most needs the protection of his union, that is when he?s most anxious about his job, and therefore there is a danger of solidarity breaking down? (Apple 10).? This is exactly what has happened. As expected, the recovery from the recession has been painfully slow.? The push for the fusion of the continent... ... 2003.? . Singer, Daniel.? ?Euroland vs. Dollarland?. The Nation.? 25 May 1998:? 2-6.? Suro, Roberto.? ?Unions Strike to Protest Italy?s Deficit-Cutting Plan. New York Times 26 Nov. 1987:? 6.? Tanner, Henry.? ?Italian Communists Never Have a Nice Day. New York Times 8 Mar. 1981:? E3.? ?Turkey Decrees Laws Curbing Role of Unions. New York Times 7 May 1983:? 5.? ?10 Union Activists are Freed in Turkey. New York Times.? 21 July 1982:? 7.? Valenzuela, J. Samuel.? Labor Movements in Transitions to Democracy.? South Bend: Kellogg Institute:? 1989.? Venditto, Gus.? ?Trade Unionism Still Under Attack by Ankara. Editorial.? New York Times 24 Dec. 1982:? 24.? Werres, Thomas.? ?Workers of the EC Unite. World Press Review.? May 1993:? 40-41.? Labor Movements in Italy, Greece, and Turkey Essay examples -- Trade E Labor Movements in Italy, Greece, and Turkey As a general rule of thumb, European trade movements have been stronger and more effective than those in the United States. Thus the major economic recession in the early 1980s, though experienced worldwide, hit especially hard in Europe, causing unprecedented damage to individual trade unions and labor movements in the postwar era. Governments felt the strain and responded by clamping down on efforts to increase wages and benefits. The European governments became obstinately rigid when approached by labor leaders, refusing to budge, determined that their deflationary policies would bring the countries out of the economic abyss. Starting n the 1980s, labor movements lost their vigor as they witnessed a sharp decline in their influence on governmental policy as the economic situation worsened. Unemployment increased and, with a declining ability to provide job security, membership in trade unions dropped. Over 4.5 million blue-collar jobs have permanently disappeared since1979 (Melcher 80) and unemployed trade union members rarely stay active.? Feeling the daunting shadow of unemployment and fearful of losing their own jobs, union members became more reluctant to strike, therefore lowering their prestige by giving the impression that they are unable to have any influence on the course of events.? One member pointed out why:? ?when times are worst, when the worker most needs the protection of his union, that is when he?s most anxious about his job, and therefore there is a danger of solidarity breaking down? (Apple 10).? This is exactly what has happened. As expected, the recovery from the recession has been painfully slow.? The push for the fusion of the continent... ... 2003.? . Singer, Daniel.? ?Euroland vs. Dollarland?. The Nation.? 25 May 1998:? 2-6.? Suro, Roberto.? ?Unions Strike to Protest Italy?s Deficit-Cutting Plan. New York Times 26 Nov. 1987:? 6.? Tanner, Henry.? ?Italian Communists Never Have a Nice Day. New York Times 8 Mar. 1981:? E3.? ?Turkey Decrees Laws Curbing Role of Unions. New York Times 7 May 1983:? 5.? ?10 Union Activists are Freed in Turkey. New York Times.? 21 July 1982:? 7.? Valenzuela, J. Samuel.? Labor Movements in Transitions to Democracy.? South Bend: Kellogg Institute:? 1989.? Venditto, Gus.? ?Trade Unionism Still Under Attack by Ankara. Editorial.? New York Times 24 Dec. 1982:? 24.? Werres, Thomas.? ?Workers of the EC Unite. World Press Review.? May 1993:? 40-41.? Labor Movements in Italy, Greece, and Turkey Essay examples -- Trade E Labor Movements in Italy, Greece, and Turkey As a general rule of thumb, European trade movements have been stronger and more effective than those in the United States. Thus the major economic recession in the early 1980s, though experienced worldwide, hit especially hard in Europe, causing unprecedented damage to individual trade unions and labor movements in the postwar era. Governments felt the strain and responded by clamping down on efforts to increase wages and benefits. The European governments became obstinately rigid when approached by labor leaders, refusing to budge, determined that their deflationary policies would bring the countries out of the economic abyss. Starting n the 1980s, labor movements lost their vigor as they witnessed a sharp decline in their influence on governmental policy as the economic situation worsened. Unemployment increased and, with a declining ability to provide job security, membership in trade unions dropped. Over 4.5 million blue-collar jobs have permanently disappeared since1979 (Melcher 80) and unemployed trade union members rarely stay active.? Feeling the daunting shadow of unemployment and fearful of losing their own jobs, union members became more reluctant to strike, therefore lowering their prestige by giving the impression that they are unable to have any influence on the course of events.? One member pointed out why:? ?when times are worst, when the worker most needs the protection of his union, that is when he?s most anxious about his job, and therefore there is a danger of solidarity breaking down? (Apple 10).? This is exactly what has happened. As expected, the recovery from the recession has been painfully slow.? The push for the fusion of the continent... ... 2003.? . Singer, Daniel.? ?Euroland vs. Dollarland?. The Nation.? 25 May 1998:? 2-6.? Suro, Roberto.? ?Unions Strike to Protest Italy?s Deficit-Cutting Plan. New York Times 26 Nov. 1987:? 6.? Tanner, Henry.? ?Italian Communists Never Have a Nice Day. New York Times 8 Mar. 1981:? E3.? ?Turkey Decrees Laws Curbing Role of Unions. New York Times 7 May 1983:? 5.? ?10 Union Activists are Freed in Turkey. New York Times.? 21 July 1982:? 7.? Valenzuela, J. Samuel.? Labor Movements in Transitions to Democracy.? South Bend: Kellogg Institute:? 1989.? Venditto, Gus.? ?Trade Unionism Still Under Attack by Ankara. Editorial.? New York Times 24 Dec. 1982:? 24.? Werres, Thomas.? ?Workers of the EC Unite. World Press Review.? May 1993:? 40-41.?

How Sound Is Used Expressively in M Essay

In the beginning of the movie everything appears normal but within minutes you are thrown into a frantic time in Germany. A serial killer of children is on the loose and a mother waits at home for her young daughter. When are then shown her growing anticipation for her daughter to get home but at the same time shown her daughter talking to a shadowy figure who buys her a balloon. Her mother screams her name over and over as the camera shows different scenes. This is expressive because the sound of her voice shows how worried she is and the interchanging scenes show she is nowhere to be found. Then the scene of her ball rolling into the brush and her balloon tangles in the electrical wires signifies her death. Without the mothers screams the scene would not have delivered the dramatics that it did. Another instance of sound being used expressively was the part in the movie where the minister and the chief of police are discussing finding Elsie’s killer. They show many scenes of the police doing various investigations including combing areas for clues, interrogating people, night raids and trying to pick up scents with a dog. This scene shows how intense there investigation is and the chief’s monologue gives you the added intensity of the situation. With the chief talking about how they plan to find the killer and the scenes of the police doing their investigation being shown, Lang manages to expressively show a wide scale investigation in a short time with aural and visual aspects. It’s something that could not be done with a silent movie. The essence of the movie is then truly captured with the parallel sequence shots depicting the criminal underworlds meeting and the police meeting. M is not only a story about a serial killer but, it shows the similarities at the time of the criminals and the police due to the lack of control in postwar Germany. This comparison is very expressively shown when Lang uses what they are saying to show how very similar they are. Everything from both the rooms being filled with cigarette smoke to dialogue that is seemingly mirrored from their separate meetings, is a great

History of public administration Essay

Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Historical accounts of African public administration often highlight the colonial setting and usually overlook pre-colonial Africa. The African civil service has its roots in precolonial institutions on which European powers relied to build the colonial state and consolidate their administration. Thus, this chapter analyzes the development of African administration from the pre-colonial era up to the present. The first section discusses the pre-colonial period. The colonial system constitutes the second section. The third section deals with the post-colonial period and discusses some problems associated with African administration. 1. The Pre-Colonial Period: From the Ashes of Pharaohs to the Berlin Conference At the end of the prehistoric period (10 000 BC), some African nomadic bands began to settle more permanently in villages along the Nile River to develop the political foundation of ancient Egypt. As these early farmers increased their mastery over soil and animal life, irrigation became a key development strategy to increase food production, which in turn multiplied their populations. Eventually, different villages came to recognize their common interests, to coordinate their efforts and broaden community linkages. People from different communities joined together through confederation or conquest for purposes of commerce or defense, and developed African  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani empires, kingdoms, and chieftaincies. Two types of systems, hierarchical political systems and horizontal or acephalous societies, developed to help generate stable communities and foster prosperity. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Stateless societies were small political entities and had no bureaucracies as they were mostly based on kinship. Hierarchical societies, however, had bureaucracies to carry out certain functions such as collecting taxes, supervising ceremonies, entertaining dignitaries, and compelling people to do the rulers’ bidding. These polities, which evolved before the arrival of Europeans in Africa, were either centralized or decentralized political entities presided over by emperors, kings, chiefs, or military commanders. The following analysis covers the first hierarchical form of rule that emerged some three millennia BC in ancient Egypt, followed by a brief overview of Medieval Africa. The final sub-section discusses the African administration up to the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885. 1. 1. Ancient Civilization of Africa: The Case of Egypt Around 3300 BC, farming lineages along the Nile Valley joined together as villages to increase production of food and to defend themselves against outsiders. From these villages regional confederations of Upper and Lower Egypt developed. By 3100 BC, a central authority emerged and unified these confederations under the rule of divine pharaohs. From 2700 to 2181, six dynasties succeeded each other to form the Old Kingdom. A century and a half of civil war and provincial rivalries gave rise to the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdoms that ruled Egypt from 2080 to 1640 BC. The Middle Kingdom was replaced by the Second Intermediate Period and the New Kingdom from 1570 to 1090 BC. Three dynasties (18th through 20th) ruled in the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period began around 1089 BC with the Kushite Kings. The Egyptian empire was multinational consequent to the conquest of foreign nations. The Old and Middle Kingdoms were highly centralized and ruled by â€Å"god-kings† or pharaohs. With its capital at Memphis, the Old Kingdom was divided into provinces. Next to the king was the vizier, the administrative hand of the king, who was also in charge of day to day administrative, fiscal, and judicial matters. Although very few administrative documents have survived, court documents provide a glimpse of the Egyptian bureaucracy. Three basic administrative divisions existed: the Department of the Head of the South, the Office of Government Labor, and the Treasury. The Palermo Stone provides further evidence of administrative structure in the collection of revenue and in the assessment of Egyptian wealth. On the Stone was documented a biennial administrative census that left nothing unaccounted for, so that taxes could be assessed even on the basis of canals, lakes, wells, and trees of an estate. The system consisted of a hierarchical structure with diverse administrative agencies spreading throughout the kingdom for effective management. Another governmental task was the administration of justice, on which was founded the concept of ma‘at (or justice), whereby some high priests bore the title of priest of Ma‘at. In addition to the capital city of Memphis, there were other towns of importance that  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani made up provinces headed by town governors, who were also chief priests in charge of temple revenue in many parts of Ancient Egypt. Provincial temples were the subject of central government regulations to avoid any strong power at the provincial level. However, during the first intermediate period, the office of governor in charge of civil affairs became the office of chief priest. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S The role of bureaucracy in these early kingdoms was to facilitate the transfer of resources from different provinces to the king’s court. If early administrations were in charge of maintaining irrigation and agricultural output, later administrations seemed to be more involved in supervising construction work and wealth transfer. The proliferation of these later types of bureaucracies, at the expense of those that used to maintain the agricultural system, would probably have produced pressures on the agricultural output and might have been the first sign of political decay in Ancient Egypt. The centralized system itself between the king, court officers, and ambitious governors may also have led to the same result. The New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period generated a great mass of documentation about Egyptian political and administrative life. The form of government remained the same, based on divine kingship. The government always stressed the religious function of the political system. Under the auspices of Gods, the government was expected to maintain the integrity of Egyptian territory and expand its frontiers. The most important function of the government was to create civic and individual security, and the vizier carried out the duty of ensuring that law and regulations were obeyed throughout the bureaucracy. The society was divided into hierarchical stratifications with the king at the top, a small group of high-ranking and wealthy officials next, and a much larger group of bureaucrats (scribes), priests, soldiers, stable masters, citizens, cultivators, and herdsmen filling the bottom layer. The Egyptian political system under the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period was divided into an internal government and a government of conquests. Internally, the civil government was run by two viziers (northern and southern), overseer of the granaries of upper and lower Egypt, and the chief taxing master. The two viziers also supervised the overseer of the treasury and lower level officials in charge of bureaucracy, judiciary, and the police. At the lowest level of the administrative hierarchy were the chiefs, town mayors, and councils. The government of conquests had several governors who supervised vassal kings and their battalion commanders. Most of the Northern Lands were small and scattered, and under the direct control of various battalion commanders. The goal of this decentralization scheme was to obstruct anyone from controlling a large estate and challenging the king’s power. The governor of the Southern Lands was the Viceroy of Kush and his role became important internally at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty. He also supervised two deputies and a battalion commander. Military forces were all centralized under one commander. In addition to these administrative entities, there existed a religious government hierarchy, with the â€Å"overseer of prophets† at the top, a position held at various times by a vizier who was the head of two high priests. Below them was the priesthood bureaucracy. The corps of the centralized system was maintained by a small group of powerful officials. They headed each department and reported directly to the king who appointed  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani and removed them. The bureaucracy consisted of a group of educated scribes whose role consisted of collecting taxes, conducting censuses, regulating agriculture, and administering justice and law with a small police force. A professional army was divided into various units, each with its own hierarchy of officers. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Pressures on land and rising inflation may have been politically significant in later days of the New Kingdom, though bureaucratic inefficiency and abuse of power were probably the main causes of economic collapse. Besides the deterioration of administrative integrity, another major cause that weakened the kingship was the changing relationship between the king, civil government, army, and a few powerful families. Some families came to control major economic resources of the state, and the civil service became less susceptible to royal control. In addition, the kings’ tours of their provinces became less frequent, and royal princes and other deputies carried out religious rites formerly performed by the kings. During the ensuing Third Intermediate Period (1069 – 664 BC), Egypt was in perpetual crisis and the Egyptian civilization disappeared after the Roman conquest around 30 BC. In summary, the evolution of Ancient Egypt is characterized by the rise and fall of large scale governments that reflect alternating periods of unification and fragmentation. 1. 2. Medieval Africa Medieval Africa was different from the Ancient in several respects. First, Medieval leaders attempted to balance local traditions and regional autonomy in response to their people’s needs by developing and consolidating large-scale kingdoms and empires for purposes of trade or defense. A second difference was the impact of Islam on African societies. Muslims believed that one God (Allah) called on them to undertake jihads (commonly known as holy war against non-believers) when necessary. The most renowned of Africa’s medieval empires of Mali, Songhay and Morocco rose to the highest stages of their international influence with Islam as the imperial religion. Other medieval African kingdoms and empires developed indigenous political ideologies based on regional customs and beliefs, while Coptic Christianity remained the official state religion in the Abyssinian kingdom of medieval Ethiopia. In 969 A. D. , Muslims from the Maghreb conquered Egypt and established the Fatimid Dynasty in Cairo (c. 970-1170 A. D. ), which was highly hierarchical and whose military was highly professionalized. This strict hierarchy of officials, and the controlling powers of the vizier, left room neither for the autonomous tendencies of provincial governors nor for the growth of widespread corruption. Tolerant of other religions, the system let Copts and Jews occupy prestigious positions in the administration. The centralized administration controlled tax revenues, the payment of troops, and the allocation of military fiefs. The Fatimid administration was in charge of regulating and distributing the waters of the Nile River. Dams and canals were regularly repaired and improved; even an occasional period of low water did not greatly damage the general economic situation. When the Fatimid rule in Egypt was threatened by European Christian Crusaders (c. 1170), it was Egypt’s professional soldiers, or Mamluks (slave-soldier), who rallied behind Saladin to defeat the Crusaders. He then established a new Mamluk Dynasty in  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani Cairo from 1171 to1517. By the thirteenth century, the institution of the slave-soldiers became an integral part of the political and social system in many Muslim countries. The Mamluk oligarchy never accepted in its ranks someone who was not a slave soldier, so that the military establishment not only remained hierarchical, but also continued to be a caste dominated by slave soldiers. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Most Mamluk caliphates were divided into military fiefs centralized under one single Caliph. The basic administrative entity was the village because the Mamluk dynasty obtained most of its revenues from landed estates. A major innovation to ensure payment was that the peasants were prohibited from leaving their villages without permission. In addition to land taxes, the Mamluk caliphates drew their revenues from customs duties, based on ad valorem and the religion of the merchants, so that Christian importers had to pay taxes as high as 30%, whereas Muslim importers paid only 10%. This canonical tax was abolished under the reform of 1316. Several other kingdoms, such as Ghana and Mali, developed in Medieval Western Sudan. But the best known was the Kingdom of Songhay founded around the trading town of Gao (c. 1000 A. D. ). The Songhay Kingdom broke away from Mali and subsequently arose to become the third great empire in the medieval western Sudan (c. 1460-1590). Songhay’s founding emperor, Sunni Ali, established imperial authority northward into the Sahara in order to control international trade routes and valuable deposits of rock salt (which was mined and cut into large blocks to be traded for gold). Following Ali’s death, one of his generals, Muhammad Toure, overthrew the legitimate heir, and embarked on a hajj to Mecca. In 1496 he returned to wage jihad against nonMuslims. He conquered new territories and ruled over Songhay’s expanded empire as Caliph of West Africa. Under Muhammad’s authority (1493-1528), Songhay, especially the towns of Timbuktu and Jenne, rose to become one of the medieval world’s largest multinational empires. The administrative system was open enough to provide lower level citizens some type of upward social mobility. The empire was highly decentralized and Islam was used as a tool to assimilate different communities. Different categories of slaves cultivated fields, constructed adobe buildings and mosques, acted as porters, or served as soldiers and officials in the imperial government. Some of the latter rose through government and military bureaucracies by virtue of meritorious work to achieve high positions of administrative responsibility, as did soldier Muhammad Toure, when he rose by military merit to become a general and then became the emperor of Songhay. As emperor of Songhay, Muhammad established effective central supervision over provincial governors. He also reformed Songhay’s imperial government so that merit (rather than birth) became the principal criterion for advancement in bureaucracy. Eventually, after Muhammad became blind and was deposed in 1528, Songhay’s trans-Saharan trade declined. This was also partly due to competition from European sea traders along the West African Atlantic coast, which undercut the trans-Saharan gold trade. After severe political crises of succession disputes, rebellions and civil war that Songhay emperors faced during the 1580s, their imperial army was decisively defeated by Morocco’s elite musketeers at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591. Other kingdoms and chieftaincies came up throughout Central, Eastern and Southern  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I – Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since – Emizet F. Kisangani Africa. Although some of these polities were decentralized or confederated, most of them developed as centralized systems where the king or the chief represented the top, followed by the house of the king or an inner circle of advisors, and finally the Council of Elders as the legislative branch. The army and bureaucrats were in charge of maintaining security and law, collecting taxes, and conducting censuses. In most polities, age was a major social feature of stratification, while in other areas the system was meritocractic. 1. 3. Beyond the Medieval Era to the Nineteenth Century U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S In the late 1500s and through the 1700s, Europeans and Arabs introduced new weapons and made new demands for captives of war throughout Africa to meet the demands of a growing international slave trade. Consequently, many of Africa’s previous patterns of political and economic growth were disrupted, even though many of the great traditions of medieval African politics and administration continued to guide their evolution. As African kingdoms and empires continued to develop, and trade between coastal cities and interior regions expanded throughout the continent, various African peoples established political confederations based on religious ideology, commercial linkages and/or military authority. Such confederations were committed to establishing broader nationalist ideologies, promoting literacy and advancement by merit, expanding both regional and international commerce, and undertaking significant administrative and military reforms. The first great reformer and leader in North Africa was an Ottoman military commander, Muhammad Ali (1805-1848). He established the first secular schools, engineering and medical colleges, modern factories, modern printing presses, and stateowned textile and munitions factories. His successors continued his policies of borrowing foreign capital and building projects, such as the Suez Canal that was completed in 1869. In the west, the original Asante confederation, established by seven clans near the city of Kumasi (in modern day Ghana), united around the symbolic Golden Stool of their ruler Asante-Hene. This confederation built roads and promoted agriculture, commerce, industry and education through self-help and self-reliance. The Asante emperors implemented several modernization policies in administration that included promoting advancement by merit and the development of state enterprise through public investment. By 1874, the British imperial army defeated the Asante army and annexed the Fante territories into their Gold Coast colony. In East Africa (c. 1800-1885), there was also a movement toward centralization of authority and broadened commercial linkages throughout the region, from Ethiopia’s Highlands to the Limpopo River in Southern Africa. In the first half of the nineteenth century, however, Africa continued to be significantly disrupted by international trade in slaves, even as new Euro-American markets began to demand large imports of such African-based commodities as palm oil, cotton, peanuts, and ivory. By mid-century, European merchants realized that Africans could produce such valuable exports more efficiently and humanely by working in their own countries than by working as slaves in the Americas. Many other nineteenth century African nations were consciously modernizing their various political economies and shifting to regional confederacies,

Tort and Inc. Essay Example

Tort and Inc. Essay Example Tort and Inc. Essay Tort and Inc. Essay Use the scenarios in the Bugusa, Inc. , link located on the student website to answer the following questions. Scenario: WIRETIME, Inc. , Advertisement Has WIRETIME, Inc. , committed any torts? If so, explain. WIRETIME, Inc. places an ad in a magazine stating that BUGusa devices were low quality and did not work for more than a month. The tort is defamation. Defamation occurs when one party makes a false statement about another. A third party heard or read the statement must be about a particular party, and damages such as loss of business result of the statement.WIRETIME stated a false statement about the product only lasting a month and that they were low quality in order to make their product more desirable. It is libel defamation since it was in written in a magazine. It is specific since is targets BUGusa, Inc. product, and there is damages for loss of revenue from the statement. Scenario: WIRETIME, Inc. (Janet) Has WIRETIME, Inc. committed any torts? If so, explain. Janet has a two year contact with BUGusa, Inc. that if she gets fired or quits from BUGusa she is not allowed to work for a competitor.Janet informs WIRETIME that she has a contract and WIRETIME offers Janet 10% increase over her current pay and also gives her a $5000 signing bonus to come to work for them. The tort is contract interference which falls under business competition torts. This is a breach of contract since Janet has a contract with BUGusa, Inc. and WIRETIME knew of the contact and still pursued her. It would be considered tortuous interference with existing contractual relationship. Scenario: WIRETIME, Inc. (Steve and Walter) Discuss any liability BUGusa, Inc. , may have for Walter’s actions.First it says that Walter found out that Steve worked for WIRETIME and how did he know that? Therefore Walter accusing Steve with no proof would be defamation. Also Walter detained Steve for six hours this would be false imprisonment and during this false imprisonment he threaten bodil y harm to Steve which would then be an assault. Walter’s crimes would fall under an intentional tort because he knew what he was doing and used force. BUGusa, Inc. would be found liable for Walters actions because Walter is their employee and the incident was on BUGusa’s property. The employees at BUGusa, Inc. ave the right to be protected while at work and something happening under their noses would be considered negligence on their part. BUGusa’s tort would be unintentional because they did not commit these crimes themselves but are to blame just the same for not preventing such a thing from happening. Scenario: BUGusa, Inc. , Plant Parking Lot What defenses may be available to BUGusa, Inc.? Explain your answer. The situation could have been prevented. BUGusa, Inc. is responsible for their employees’, visitors’, and vendor’s safety as long as they are on their property.First the parking lot should be as well maintained as the building itse lf. There should not be any lights out and if a crime wave is in the area then the company should hire security to secure and maintain the area to ensure it is safe. There should be posted signs reading that the company is not responsible for stolen items from vehicles. In any business there should be cameras and security at a dock because of the merchandise being brought in. The dock should never be unsupervised it is an entry way into the business and therefore is unsafe to be left unguarded.Employees and the vendor being robbed while he is waiting for the dock boss to return from lunch fall under strict liability. The company would be held liable for not taking safety precautions. The only argument presented is that the company did provide a well-lit parking lot but did not change the burnt out lights or make changes for the rising crime to help protect their employees, visitors, and vendors. Scenario: BUGusa, Inc. (Randy and Brian) What defenses may be available to BUGusa, Inc.? Explain your answer.Negligence was committed by Brian by breaching his duty by speeding and failure to break when entering the intersection when not clear. Randy had a duty to yield; he was turning left and should yield to any vehicles that will be entering the intersection before he would be able to clear. Both parties acted with negligence with failure to yield (Randy) and failure to break and not speed (Brian). If one or both had been doing their part, the accident may not have happened and the injuries would not have occurred. The injuries happened with in proximity of the accident, and there were actual damages to both parties.BUGusa, Inc. can use the comparative negligence defense. The portion of the negligence would be divided up into percentages. Both parties will be liable for some of the negligence instead of one. Scenario: BUGusa, Inc. (Sally) Sally may have a successful case against BUGusa, Inc. , for what torts? Explain your answer. BUGusa, Inc. had failed to put in an insulator in one of their equipment in an earlier model that was still being used by the Shady Town police department. Sally DoGood was injured when the equipment shorted. BUGusa, Inc. as negligence in the design of their equipment by leaving out the insulator that will protect against a short in the wiring. BUGusa, Inc. had a duty to design a product that would be safe for all to use. They left out the insulator because of cost. There is a case since she was injured and most likely would not have been injured if the insulator had been in place. She was injured in the proximity of the incident and she had suffered injury to her body. She has a case of negligence against BUGusa, Inc. Sally DoGood can also go after BUGusa, Inc. for strict liability.She will not have to prove negligence on the part of the manufacturer. The manufacturer has the duty to provide a safe product knowing that the buyer will not inspect the product for defects and the product causes harm to another from havi ng a defect (Melvin, 2011, p. 227). Under strict liability the seller, including manufacturer is responsible for the product even if they had taken all the proper steps to ensure the product was safe. References Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business: A Managerial Approach: Theory to Practice. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.