The Fraud of the Century

Bernard Madoff was a creditable man that people trusted him with their money because â€Å"he created an image of power, trust and responsibility. † (Ferrel, 2013, p. 416) He was able to scam and scheme his investors from the early 1990s up until December of 2008 when his Ponszi scheme was discovered. Over the course of a decade he was simultaneously running a legitimate business and earned his investors’ trust because he didn’t make any promises of unbelievable returns. He was a financial expert, served as chair on NASDAQ, and a seat on the government advisor board on stock market regulations.These titles have added to his creditability and people didn’t question him when they hand over their money. He wasn’t able to continue with his scheme and cover it up once the economy started collapsing in the late 2008. This was when his scheme was starting to expose because he wasn’t able to pay back his clients when they requested for their money ba ck. March of 2009 he plead guilty to the charges and later in June 2009 he was sentenced to 150 years in prison. It’s amazing how he was able to pull the fraud of for so long without anybody questioning his strategy.As early as 1992, federal regulators were investigating Madoff and the investigation was dismissed because there was no improper trading practices found. In fact from 1992-2005, his business was continuously being interviewed and investigated, but no wrongdoing was found. In 2006, his business was registered with SEC and that’s when they found misleading behaviors and in 2008 there was an alert stating all his records maybe pointed to possible corruption. Even with the 2008 alert, the allegations were dismissed and no further investigations would happen.Finally in 2009, SEC received enough evidence to convict him of his fraud because two of Madoff’s investors filed a lawsuit against the SEC. The way he conducted business was unethical because not onl y did he mislead his clients but also he misled his friends and family. He was able to gain their trust and con his way through a long prosperous deceiving investment. People were guided and yet blind sighted by his character. Another unethical business transaction was using money from an illegal business to cover up the losses for his legal one.Not only that when he needed quick cash to try and save his scheme in 2008, he solicited and even  threatened some of his clients for more money to invest. This is an ethical issue because the clients felt guilty for not being a better client and investing more into this â€Å" privilege† and exclusive† investment opportunity. I think that Bernard Madoff was not operating alone. I think his family was somewhat suspicious and went along with the operation but did not know entirely what was going on. I think with their experience and knowledge, they should have questioned when Madoff chose to hire inexperienced and uneducated pe ople to work for his investment management business.I think they chose to ignore the situation because of his high and respectable reputation. Also because he was family and they felt that he wouldn’t harm them. I think that in order to avoid this type of Ponzi scheme, an audit should be done every year along with any transaction of high value. Some type of documents and records of investments should be easily assessable for investors to follow and understand. Clients should be able to view their portfolio at any given time.

300 Word Essay on Freedom of Religio

300 Word Essay I chose freedom of religion because it is the one bill of rights that I believe has the broadest expansion in the constitution. I believe that everyone has the right to believe in a supernatural belief. That is why we have the establishment clause and the free-exercise clause. Which were established to keep the government from interfering with the exercise of religion. But in today’s time the government does have the right to limit the practice of a religion, but you still have the freedom to believe our own beliefs even if no else believes them.If the freedom of religion amendment wasn’t important to this country then it wouldn’t exists. We would have one religion where basically everyone would have the same religion and there wouldn’t be a diversity of cultures in the nation as there is today The right to have freedom of religion also lets us have and experience different cultures so we can learn and study how other people across the natio n believes and lives.To practice organize prayer in public schools across this country has been erased but the schools must allow their doors to be open after school hours for any religious activities to happen for those who need/want it. As I have just graduated high school and saw for myself how the schools have changed since this has occurred. I saw many young teens needing a religious figure in their life, to help them and to have a sense of hope to keep living a pure and clean life.In school we started a small group of students who wanted to meet together each morning to pray before we started the day, and we were told by are supervisor that we wouldn’t be able to do this in front of the students and had to find a location to take these kinds of activities. But sadly most have already taken the road of darkness and destruction and I’m scared for my children in the future. 300 Word Essay on Freedom of Religio 300 Word Essay I chose freedom of religion because it is the one bill of rights that I believe has the broadest expansion in the constitution. I believe that everyone has the right to believe in a supernatural belief. That is why we have the establishment clause and the free-exercise clause. Which were established to keep the government from interfering with the exercise of religion. But in today’s time the government does have the right to limit the practice of a religion, but you still have the freedom to believe our own beliefs even if no else believes them.If the freedom of religion amendment wasn’t important to this country then it wouldn’t exists. We would have one religion where basically everyone would have the same religion and there wouldn’t be a diversity of cultures in the nation as there is today The right to have freedom of religion also lets us have and experience different cultures so we can learn and study how other people across the natio n believes and lives.To practice organize prayer in public schools across this country has been erased but the schools must allow their doors to be open after school hours for any religious activities to happen for those who need/want it. As I have just graduated high school and saw for myself how the schools have changed since this has occurred. I saw many young teens needing a religious figure in their life, to help them and to have a sense of hope to keep living a pure and clean life.In school we started a small group of students who wanted to meet together each morning to pray before we started the day, and we were told by are supervisor that we wouldn’t be able to do this in front of the students and had to find a location to take these kinds of activities. But sadly most have already taken the road of darkness and destruction and I’m scared for my children in the future.

The Primary Framework for Literacy and Mathematics Essay

The Primary Framework for Literacy and Mathematics - Essay Example These variations are built upon evaluation and research carried out since the late 1990s. The changes include: 1. Extending it to the beginning of funded education, to create greater coherence and continuity within and between stages of care and education 2. Creating a clearer set of learning objectives to support teachers and practitioners in planning for progression in literacy and mathematics, to help raise the attainment of all children, personalise learning and secure intervention for those children who need it 3. Bringing an increased sense of drive and momentum to literacy and mathematics through the primary phase, involving some scaling up of expectations and a greater focus upon planning for progression through a teaching sequence over an extended unit of work covering two or three weeks 4. Supporting schools and settings in implementing the recommendations of the Rose report through the provision of high-quality teaching of phonics and early reading 5. Supporting improved l eadership and management of literacy and mathematics to stimulate and improve standards further 6. Reducing workload and foster professional dialogue on how to use the Framework flexibly to meet the needs of the children. 7. Introducing a new, electronic format which allows for customised planning, teaching and assessment, with the ability to link quickly to a wide range of teaching and learning resources available through the Primary National Strategy. (DfES, 2006) The Primary Framework for literacy and mathematics differs from the 1998 Framework in that it involves an electronic version with simplified learning objectives. The electronic Framework provides a resource that will be added to and expanded, as well as providing additional materials and support and as the Framework project develops. This may include any necessary revisions to the Early Years elements, and the simplified learning objectives that give a broader overview of the literacy curriculum in the primary phase. The learning objectives of the framework are aligned to 12 strands that demonstrate progression in each of the strands. The 12 strands also create a direct link to the Early Learning Goals and aspects of English inside the National Curriculum. If the learning objectives are covered, this will enable the pupils to reach the desired Communication, Language and Literacy goals, and ensure that the appropriate National Curriculum levels are accomplished for the Key Stages. The strands of this framework include Speak and listening for a wide range of purposes in different contexts, Reading and writing for a range of purposes on paper and on screen Word recognition, Understanding and interpreting texts, creating and shaping texts, organisation and structuring of text, Engaging and responding to text, Sentence structure and punctuation, Word Structure, spelling and Presentation. (DfES, 2006) This framework also involves the Literacy Hour within which Pupils have daily literacy lessons where th ey are taught the knowledge, skills and understanding set out in the National Curriculum for English. The guidance in the renewed Framework still places emphasis on properly directed, carefully planned, purposeful learning and teaching. Initially, the context of the literacy framework required adequate attention to be given to how the lessons are organised and structured. The real challenge

Thompson v Oklahoma 1988 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thompson v Oklahoma 1988 - Essay Example Even advocates of death penalty can hold that executing minors is wrong and undeserved. Most juvenile offenders have a history of bad and abusive childhoods and have not had the chance to make peace with their experiences or lead normal lives. They also do not have a sufficient understanding of death as minors tend to think of themselves as invincible. Therefore, a threat of capital punishment would not really deter juveniles from committing crimes. The government should instead focus on instigating changes is the society so that neighborhoods would turn up less violent individuals instead of imposing the most extreme punishment. Then there's the concept of justice and retribution to justify execution for juveniles. Minors do not fully understand the repercussions and seriousness of their acts, so they do not deserve this. The age, level of maturity, and childhood history should be taken into consideration when deciding a person's punishment. Those who argue the opposite strike me as too unsympathetic. Proponents for using capital punishment for minors maintain that even juveniles are capable of understanding the consequences of their actions and should therefore be held accountable for it.

Managing strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Managing strategy - Essay Example In this particular study different strategic frameworks shall be incorporated so as to analyze external environmental and internal conditions of Netflix. These tools will not only help to identify key resources and competencies but even facilitate determining critical success factors. In broader context these factors are highly responsible for acquiring sustainable competitive advantage. Michael Porter states that a strategy provides valuable and unique market position to a firm. A strategic fit needs to be achieved by a company in order to align business activities with overall business strategy. Business strategy can be defined as developing, finding and formulating a doctrine so as to ensure long-term success. Strategic thinking and strategic planning approaches are closely knitted with the framework of strategic management. Netflix is an organization founded in 1997 and providing Internet streaming media on demand to wide base of viewers. It has its viewers located across South a nd North America, and certain parts of Europe such as Norway, Netherlands, Denmark, France, Ireland, Sweden, United Kingdom, Finland, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Luxembourg. The company is even involved in sending DVD by mail at flat rate in various locations of United States. Netflix has implemented a subscription based model within its system. Members are able to choose from wide range of subscription plans encompassing option of unlimited streaming movies or media. This study shall not only highlight current strategies been followed by the firm but even would focus on available strategic options for future development. Netflix is a well-known organization operating in movie rental industry. The company is subjected to political, social, technological, economic, environmental and legal conditions. In legal and political context, the

Benjamin Franklin Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benjamin Franklin - Assignment Example He helped James create pamphlets. He wrote letters under the name of a fictional widow named Dogood. He used to write particularly about how women were being treated. It was an instant hit in the market. And everyone wanted to know the real name of Silence Dogood. During those times, Smallpox was a deadly disease which according to Mr. Benjamin could be cured only by inoculation. But while people liked this idea, they didn’t like the way Mr. Benjamin made fun of clergy. Hence Mr. Benjamin was jailed. After his release from jail, James and Mr. Benjamin had a fight which forced him to run away to Philadelphia (Isaacson, 2003). One of his main accomplishments during the period was launching of the Library Company in 1731. This led to the birth of first subscription library. He also helped launching of American Philosophy Society, which was the first learned society in America. In 1751 he also formed the Pennsylvania Hospital after recognizing the need to treat the sick people in a better way. He founded Philadelphia’s Union Fire Company to help people from the problem of fire, which was the first in the city. Sometimes individual’s house was damaged by fire leading to irreversible loss. In 1752, he founded the Philadelphia Contribution for Insurance Against Loss by fire (Morse, 2007). Benjamin Franklin started to take active interest in Politics in 1750s. He even went to England representing Pennsylvania to fight against the Penn family to find out who would control the Colony. During his time abroad, he thought of himself as a loyal Englishman. At that time England had many amenities which Americans lacked. England also had fine theatre, thinkers and witty conversation. Mr. Franklin was surprised to find out strong opposition by Americans against the Stamp Act. He gave testimony in front of Parliament to persuade the members to repeal the Act. Mr. Franklin was growing sick of the large amount of corruption

Comparing between iPhone and Blackberry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparing between iPhone and Blackberry - Essay Example The different features of the Blackberry make it an exceptional tool for office tasks and work. It has new features that allow for corporate leaders to make conference calls using the handheld devices. The iPhone is somewhat limited in this application. In terms of e-mail, it can help in office management by allowing for office managers to communicate to their subordinates. It is also reliable and efficient when it comes to its security features (Dann & Dann, 2011). When it comes to work related issues, the Blackberry is the device for the job. This is because; its security and support for Microsoft tools are exceptional. This makes it a device that protects information that needs protecting when it comes to company issues. In terms of voice recognition, the Blackberry is limited in this capability, unlike the iPhone. The introduction of the iPhone is creating challenges for the Blackberry, and this competition is nothing like what the Blackberry has ever seen in the industry. The iPhone is offering the Blackberry competition in terms of the features it has that capture a wider audience than just the corporate individuals. It is changing the manner in which people use their handheld devices. Some of the features it has include its applications, entertainment, its usability, and typing capabilities. These are what most people need to watch out for in the iPhone. However, some of these features are also in the Blackberry device, and it is the most preferred device by corporate, business people (Dann & Dann, 2011). In terms of applications, the iPhone offers more than what the Blackberry does. Many applications on the iPhone are the easiest to make. This makes it one of the simplest devices to make applications for, thus; the worldwide acceptance. Corporate heads are the target market for the Blackberry. It, therefore, has less

Forensics f report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forensics f report - Essay Example The first task was to secure the perimeter around the car; an event that did not take long, for the distance was not wide. Consequently, the crime scene became (exhibit P-1, P-2, P-3, and P-4). The officers realized that two bodies were at the crime scene, with the body on the driver’s seat; (exhibit D), being identified as Sally Lee exhibiting black hair and white skin. Preliminary assessments indicated that an unknown person had shot Lee on the head and throat. Both shots were visible, and it was apparent that they had come from outside the car (exhibit P-5). The victim’s head was lying on the steering wheel with both of her hands on her knees. The second victim was Megan White, a young female with white skin and brown hair who had been shot from the back and on the throat as well. She was lying on the ground a few feet away from the car (exhibit F-1). The victim encountered the ground with her face and stomach, and had both hands spread a little bit forward (exhibit A-2). The officers went ahead to picture and videotape the scene, before bringing the sketchers on board. The sketchers entered the crime scene alongside both the searcher and Custodian. After pictures, videos, measurements and sketch details were taken from the victims; a coroner was called to the location to carry the bodies out of the crime scene. At the same time, the chief Meunier arrived at the scene to help in searching for additional evidence. While the team was searching for evidence, two white males approached the team, and got extremely close to the crime scene before being repelled by the officers (exhibit K-1). The first male later identified as Jack Russell, wore a blue t-shirt, black sunglasses, a brown hat and carried what looked like an alcohol bottle. The second male identified as Mike McDonald, wore a blue shirt with orange glasses and

Graduation Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Graduation Speech - Essay Example On the other hand, it is a day of joy given that we have finally come to the end of the journey we began 14 months ago. Today's event is the reason why each and every one of us has been here for the past 14 month. Therefore it is a time to celebrate our achievement. In May 2006, when we, cohort 4, commenced our studies, today was a far away dream. The thought of graduation itself was still extremely distant - there was no light at the end of the EMBA tunnel, only the beginning of a journey to a destination about which we were still unsure. We have great diversity in the group. Diverse in terms of gender (we have all the women from Iceland), age (26 to 48), experience, employment type (private, family, and corporation) and even unemployed member(s), political views (from support for Bush to French liberalism), 12 nationalities and sexual orientation ... WE'VE GOT IT COVERED! When we all first met at the end of May 2006, we did not know what to expect and what we would gain and lose on our journey. Therefore, I will now share the microphone with Ghosson, who will guide you through the experiences that have made today possible. Ghosson: Thank you Martin. This school is exceptional in giving the students a truly international point of view not only in business. Traveling to several places, we have learnt to open our minds. So now let us compare our assumptions with the reality. Traveling with SouthWest airlines in the US gave us the opportunity to see, how employee empowerment works in reality and how customer service expectations differ among people and nations. Visiting WTO in Geneva helped us to understand the state of affairs of international negotiations. Can you imagine 20 years ago people from the East, the far East and the very far East and the West sitting around the table with two African people, who are explaining to us why Russia and US cannot agree with each other in Doha round Exploring Beijing and Shanghai proved to us that China is a global player we have to take into account; some of us discovered the world of not only foot massage and pre-Olympic fever but also their exceptional customer service. Drawing our travels to a close in Moscow we were reminded that knowing the history (of a place) can help us to understand that even the most distant and unknown of things can be great if you make the effort to explore them. Seeing the ballet, visiting museums, dining in a casino are experiences that we will not forget. Thanks the diversity of our origins we have enough locations for reunions to last us several years, let us hope we meet in some of them and continue broaden our horizons. At the very beginning Beth Stoops gave us the most advanced English training and pushed us out of our comfort zone by teaching "Advanced Business Communications". We got to know that the right answer in most of the cases is - IT DEPENDS. In combination with the course called the "Communicating and Negotiating in a Multicultural World" taught by Denis Leclerc, taught us that "you become

Research & Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research & Development - Essay Example To cope with the changing situations, the essence of research and development is increasingly felt. Constant research and development in almost every aspect of life is being continuously conducted to generate better value to its related factors. Like other sectors of industry (e.g. technology, communication, marketing and finance, etc), labor sector is also under the constant purview of research and development. The most important feature which makes labor industry significantly different from that of other functions is the psychological touch involved in it along with the technical expertise. The laborers of any industry are human beings in first place and so they have aspirations, goals, objectives and needs. Again these psychological factors differ from laborers to laborers depending upon their culture, backgrounds, perceptions and prejudices and other factors. In order to make the labor industry efficient in its functions and performance all the above factors are to be considered and continuous research and development should be initiated. So, it can be conferred that the research and development in the labor industry is critical and important, sometimes even more than other organizational functions. Research and development is initiated generally to upgrade any working system from its present condition or performance. Popularly known as R & D, research and development can be defined as, "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications" (OECD. 2008). Research and development generally can be subdivided into three sub parts namely basic research, applied research and experimental research. Basic research is a type of research activity where investigational and theoretical initiatives are undertaken basically to acquire knowledge base of the underlying facts and figures. This type of research activity is done generally as part of academic interests as there are not much application or usage of the results of basic research. Applied research is built upon the basic research and is also done to acquire new knowledge domains but with more specified and certain objectives. It deals with the core of the subject. In comparison to the first two types of research, the third component i.e. the experimental research deals with more application. It develops the research output from the basic as well as applied research and is concerned with development of new products or installation of new processes. It also deals with improvement of devices already installed or produced. Traditionally, labor has been classified as a person who sold his physical strength in order to earn his livelihood. The payment that he received for such a sale was known as 'wage'. So the laborers are also known as wage earner. But today the term labor has a more broad perspective. In the present world, laborers are generally classified under three broad heads i.e. the skilled labor, the semi skilled labor and the unskilled labor. It can be well presumed that the skilled laborers are those who have certain technical knowledge about the task they perform and so generally receives the highest pay among the three classes. Semi-skilled

Strategic Alliance Essay Example for Free

Strategic Alliance Essay The collaborations between companies have been one of the most critical changes in industrial field during the last three decades. Through outsourcing and taking off ‘non-core’ activities, corporate borders have been pulled back and large companies are increasingly cooperated with other companies to access resources and devote themselves to activities outside their own boundaries. Business cooperative relationship between companies is regarded as ‘hybrid’ organizational forms (Borys and Jemison, 1989; Powell. 987; Thorelli. 1986). In order to access more international market and reduce risks, the hybrid organizational forms are mainly realized by contractual agreement, strategic alliance and joint venture. Compared to some casual cooperative arrangements between companies, strategic alliance is refer to a long-term, substantial collaboration, which is ‘an agreement characterized by the commitment of two or more firms to achieve a shared goal entailing the pooling of their resources and activities’ (Teece. 1992, p. 19). It can be put on a continuum, where contractual agreement is on one end, characterizing low control and resource commitment, whilst the other end is joint venture, representing a high control and high resource commitment (Hill et al. 1990). Variety types of strategic alliances include shared new product development, supply chain partnerships, technical collaboration, outsourcing agreements, joint research projects, etc. In these days, strategic alliances are more and more important for firms to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in the international market. Through cooperation rather than competition, firms can access knowledge and market resources over both firms, instead or acquiring them. It is not just costs and time saving, but also increasing the efficiency with which knowledge is utilized. Firms are entering into strategic alliances because of numerous factors. The rapid change in technology with high expenditures on RD, intensifying competitions, globalization and so on. Different companies have their own competitive advantages, which can be beneficial to other parties. Resources, especially technology and market information, can be shared by parties under strategic alliance. For example, Starbucks entered an alliance with Barnes and Nobles Bookstores in 1990s, to provide their in-house coffee service in their stores. Barnes and Nobles’ market resources has been utilized, resulting in Starbucks coffee being marketed into bookstores. As well as that, more customers were gained by Barnes and Nobles, thanks to the outstanding Starbucks coffee offered in store. Although theoretically, forming strategic alliances can bring immense benefits to companies and reduce the risks in projects, it is not rare to see problems in practice. Differences in cultural and language, control related problems, even the differences in cognizance can lead to failures. In this article, we will focus on not only on the increasing importance of strategic alliance in international market, but also the motives, benefits, related costs and limitations. Our group work is done in three parts. Part (A) Introduction and Literature Review is done by Jiaxing and Lily. Jiaxing gives the definition of strategic alliance, while Lily is responsible for literature research and critical review. Followed by the literature review, a case study will be given in part (B) by Xinrui, to demonstrate how the literature is confirm or disconfirmed by practice. In part (C), a brief conclusion of this topic will be given by Mehedi and come up with the forecast of trend and new topics in this area, based on Part (A), Part (B) and the further information collected by Kazi. Literature Review There are abundant studies trying to address the definition of strategic alliance. Based on resource-dependence theory (Pfeffer. 978) and the resource-based view of the firm (Penrose, 1957), some scholars (Van De Van and Walker, 1984; Rothaermel, 2001) have identified strategic alliances as a quest for resources. Also, a majority of researchers view the alliances’ priority objectivity as sharing of knowledge (Inkpen and Crosssan, 1995; Khanna et al. ,1998; Kale et al. , 2000), which is the organization learning perspective. As a result, alliance member seek to learn faster than other parties, trying to achieve a positive balance in the trade of knowledge, which is so called ‘Competition for Learning’ (Hamel, 1991). The number of strategic alliance has been increasing rapidly since late 1980s (Vissi, 1997). The following is an integration of our findings in literature. Motives of Alliance Formation In the article of Varadarajan and Cunningham (1995), motives for firms entering a strategic alliance is analysed: Globalization and intensified international competition: With the development of telecommunication and traffic, there is a major trend of globalization in the last few decades. More and more corporations are trying to break into foreign markets to widen their market. Strategic alliance is an efficient and effective way in gaining complementary resources from a foreign party and reduces risks. Remove barriers to enter new markets: In certain international markets, especially the developing ones, firms often have difficulties due to some domestic factors, such as government regulation and local parties’ resistance. By forming an alliance with local firms, the expansion can be realized more smoothly and the risk is reduced. Broaden product lines/ narrowing product line gap: Firms can be especially interested in finding another partner, when they are in lack of technology or not able to bear the high RD costs. Existing technology of partner can be utilized in a short timeframe and also costs-saving. In this way, their product lines can be broaden and the gap between product line can be narrowed. Enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of utilizing resources: each partner in strategic alliance should have their own competitive advantages, such as technology, market resources, local experiences, logistic systems, etc. y forming the alliances, these advantages can be shared by parties and making all of them more competitive than before. Extension and acquire new resources: Resource acquisition is an essential motive in formulation of strategic alliance. Manufacturing firms often enter into alliance to acquire RD resources; whilst technology companies is seeking to gain the market resources as much as possible. There are two forms of strategic alliances: market related and technology related (Vyas et al. 1995). In a mature market, it is often the case in which the market related alliances are more profitable. However technology, related alliance tend to be more beneficial for high-tech firms compared to others (Rai et al. 1996). Researches of Vyas et al (1995) show that synergy between the partners is the key factors to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. In order to know the synergy, a comprehensive understanding of the value that partners can bring to the alliance has to be acquired before entry. Also, a balance of control and contribution to the alliance need to be agreed to ensure the success and avoid conflict as much as possible. Limitations of Strategic Alliances When the needs of each partner are fulfilled, each party can benefit from the formation of strategic alliances. However, alliances are not without its problems. Due to numerous reasons, such as differences in cognizance, aims and resources, changes can be triggered. In some cases, projects with imbalanced benefits or control between parties can end up damaging the relationship of trust. In some cases strategic alliances broke up as a result. Usually the factors driving to a failure can be imbalanced control, unequal gains, differences in cultural values and antitrust charges. According to Day (1995), the liquidation cost of a strategic alliance can be one of the most expensive costs to a corporation. Even if the partnership remains, there are many factors thwarting the normal operations of the combined entity. One of the most important factors is the extensive time managers have to spend on communication, trust-building, and coordination. As it takes time for parties in a partnership to consolidate their internal network, both in terms of communication and interests groups, there always comes with the strategic alliances very time-consuming consolidation process. A manager has to first know the personnel he is supervising as well as his own supervisors, who are possibly from a totally different business culture. It takes time for managers to know whom they can trust and who trust them. Only based on trust can further coordination be performed. Another factor that affects the long-term value of the firms participating in the partnership is the clash of egos and company cultures. Say if Google once form a strategic alliance with Goldman Sachs, the investment bankers cannot easily forgo their perfectionism to Google’s relaxing and creative culture fostered for their wired-in programmers. While there is a possibility for two different business culture to combine and generate an even more unique and efficient business culture, in most cases the history and the effort invested to build the current corporate culture may be wasted; traditions are inferior in strategic alliances. Part B: There are many successful market related and technology related alliances taking place in contemporary market. From the successful examples contributed by Apple, Helett Packard and Disney, and Eli Lilly, we can see the sharing of sources in alliances facilitate breakthroughs in technology and revenue maximization in marketing. While most strategic alliances play a propelling role in pushing the business of parties in the partnership further, there are some offsets implicitly caused by the alliance strategy. The notorious WorldComs, Global Crossings, and Enron scandals offer us convenient examples in showing the unconfirmed part of strategic alliances. This part will first discuss the cases provided by Apple, Helett Packard and Disney, and Eli Lilly that show the confirmed side of the theories enclosed in the literature in this essay. Following the confirmed side is the unconfirmed side contributed by the scandals originated from WorldComs, Global Corssings, and Enron. White the iPad redefined personal computers and created and captured the tablet market, it the strategic alliance behind the scene that makes the popularity of iPad possible. Apple’s technology alliance with Clearwell makes the development of iPad much more efficient when these two firms jointly developed the eDiscovery Platform. The eDiscovery Platform is the electronic discovery software solution that enables enterprises, governments and law firms to manage legal, regulatory and investigative matters using a single application. Such platform makes it easy for orgaizations to cost effectively and defensibly solve real-world chanlleges from legal hold and collections through analysis, review and production. Such technological largely helped Apple to capture the market in large legal entities. Hewlett Packard and Disney exemplified their alliance as a long-standing partnership. Starting back in 1938, the alliance enabled Disney to rely on HP’s RD capability, which helped Disney out from the eight oscillators for sound design sold to Disney over 70 years ago to the most recent digital film making techniques offered by HP engineers to Disney’s Imagineers. Undoubtedly, the technology support to Disney makes it a dominant mass media firm. Furthermore, the business generated fruitful RD products and cash inflow for HP to march farther. As a pharmaceutical tycoon, Eli Lilly features as a powerful research partner for nearly a century. Its enormous contribution to Diabetes medicine saved multimillions people. Similar to most pharmaceutical companies, the multi-phases RD process outsources the firm’s research capability, legal resources, and capital. Eli Lilly was able to save the costs by seeking international partners, such as the Belgium-based company Galapagos, Canada’s BioMS medical group, and the Japanese Kyowa Hakko Kogyo. Its alliance with Galapagos fasten the development of treatments for osteoporosis; its cooperation with the Japanese firm determines that Lilly will have the exclusive license to sell the targeted cancer treatment in Japan; and the partnership with BioMS in a licensing and development agreement for a novel treatment for multiple sclerosis saved overall costs. These real world examples confirmed that strategic alliances provide an efficient way to research and develop new products, to save legal cost, and to capture the international market at faster speed. While the classical strategic alliances examples confirmed with the literature, there are notable failures caused by the shortcoming of strategic alliances. As the most notorious business scandals in this century, Enron and its alliance with Arthur Andersen bring a vivid example of how alliance help them avoid legitimately report their financial standings and gain illegal benefit from forfeiting financial statements. When the scandal was exposed to the media, both firms bankrupted in an instant, making the largest bankruptcy in the US history. Other the Enron scandal was the WorldCom forfeit their income statement when trying to incorporate Verizon and evolve to the largest telecommunications provider. When the US government launched an anti-trust suit, WorldCom collapsed immediately. The shared resources play a beneficial role in lower the fixed cost for parties in the strategic alliances. However, joint effort and resources also mean joint benefit, which can propel the corporations as well as ruin it. When there is a conflict of interests, the advantages brought by strategic alliances are harmful.

Free

Free schools Essay Are an interesting idea but the government needs to be very careful to make sure that educational standards improve for all children and that the whole community benefits. The idealogy behind free Schools are that they are non-profit making, independent, state-funded schools. They are able to choose what subjects they choose for their pupils to study and have many less restrictions imposed on them on how they choose to allocate their finances. For this very reason free schools would be varied in their nature as they would not be forced to follow for example the national curriculum. They are not defined by size or location: there is not a single type of free school or a single reason for setting them up. Free schools could be either primary or secondary schools. They could be located in traditional school buildings or appropriate community spaces such as office buildings or church halls. They could be set up by a wide range of proposers including charities, universities, businesses, educational groups, visionary teachers or committed parents who want to make a difference to the educational landscape. They might be needed because there simply are not enough school places in a local area and children have to travel too far to the nearest school. Free schools are not academically selective and open to children of all abilities. School is a defining factor in our lives and also promote a shared sense of community which is important as cohesive communities are generally more happy and safe than uncohesive ones there is no discrimination or segregation and they nurture a shared set of beliefs and values and goals, living together in harmony and mutual respect. An example of a community that lacks this is Oldham in which the races, Asians and whites were segregated and this triggered violent race riots. This happened due to the immense divide between Asian and White communities and their inability to mix and appreciate one another. This event made me think that this was very bad for the community and did nothing but encourage racial segregation. Looking at the footage of the riots of 2001 it is clear that situation could have been easily avoided had everyone learnt to appreciate one another. Community cohesion is about ensuring that all people from different backgrounds and communities feel they belong to the place in which they live. We cannot realise our ambitions by living in isolation to one another, it must be as a united city, where the differences of race, colour, and religion are embraced. A sense of community cohesion as we grow up makes us happier in general and encourages us to be unprejudiced and non-racist. Our distinctive character is developed early on in life and to be encouraged to mix with other people with different beliefs and religions helps promote a safer and on the whole a more happier and strong community. We start school within the first few years of our lives and being mixed with different people at this institution endorses a stronger community. We spend a good part of a decade at school so there is no doubt that school will be largely responsible for our values and beliefs, as well as our personality. Depending on what school we go to we are thrust into a shared community and we learn to get along and share beliefs. As stated in the Source material, Being part of a community helps us develop an identity a sense of who we are. An uncohesive community has exactly the opposite effect, and children growing up in an uncohesive community can grow up to have negative views and not feel like they belong and the can feel like they do not have a stake in society and being able to join in and influence decisions that affect their lives. When David Cameron and Nick Clegg (leaders of the Conservative party and the Liberal Democrat party) were elected to form a coalition government in 2010, one of the Conservatives policies were the Big Society which was apparently based on a model of Balsall Heath A town with low levels of community cohesion. The idea of the Big Society was that people take greater control of their communities and not rely on the government and local authorities to provide services like schools, community centres, youth clubs. This town has now been transformed and the town is now clean and tidy and people of all different cultural backgrounds mix. The most positive effects of this were that community cohesion increased in a drastic way. There is no doubt that there are some beneficial aspects of free schools such as people of all different ethnicities mixing together as a free school is not academically selective. This discourages discrimination and community cohesion. Some people may argue that the current government is trying to distance themselves from responsibility and segregate society but I believe that David Cameron is good to encourage people to take action if they are deprived of something that will be a credit to the community. Further argument counteracting this is that some people think that such people in deprived areas are not skilled or have enough knowledge to undertake a difficult project of opening a school, particularly a secondary school. A quote from a recent article of the Telegraph states These kids will be left behind, because the second point is that, if you set up a market mechanism, then there are winners and losers, but, in this case the losers are children, left behind in a sink school. The endorsement of free schools is debatable, but interesting. Nick Clegg declared on the 5th September in his speech Free schools would not become the preserve of the privileged few' which outlines the fact that he thinks free schools would in effect privatize the education system and allow the new institutions to cream off the best pupils and resources. On the other hand the Education Secretary Michael Gove who wholeheartedly believes that free schools will end the rationing of good education. He believes that free schools to replace failing comprehensives will give all children access to the kind of education only the rich can afford. He outlines this in Source 1 as well as saying free schools will cut the achievement gap between rich and poor. However , free schools could lead to social segregation as middle class parents are likely to be very keen on them, leading to a situation where middle class and working class people do not mix. This could end up with middle class children going to good schools and working class children remaining in local authority schools where there is very little funding. Another group who are really keen on free schools are faith groups and this could lead to segregation on religious grounds. Standards for school would therefore not rise uniformly for everyone which would be a big disadvantage and there would also be low community cohesion which is explained above. I personally think it is unfair that some pupils dont have the opportunity to go to a high achieving school as I went through this whole school lottery trying for three high achieving schools but I failed to get into any of them, simply because I was out of the catchment area. It is worth setting up free schools in deprived areas where children are forced to go to a low achieving school, so they have the same opportunities that wealthier children have. Michael Gove planned to branch out free schools here after apparent success in America with free schools, where 99 free schools have been established. Evidence suggests that 83% of free schools in the USA are doing no better than their conventional counterparts which brings me to question whether the opening of free schools really are beneficial and whether the opening of them would cut the bridge between rich and poor. However in further research some students in these schools feel that they are in a better position in a free school where they apply rigorous discipline and are challenging. This again makes the idea of free schools questionable. In Source 3, a group of six hundred parents expressed their desire for their children to go to a school other than the local state school. This brings about the conclusion that if this many parents are unhappy with the type of provision of state schooling institutions, something must be done. This opinion is also met with Rachel Wolfs in Source 4 who argues that hundreds of parents have suffered too long from a two tier education system one in which the wealthy can get into the excellent local school by buying a house in the right catchment area or paying school fees, while less off parents are stuck. I believe this is an extremely unfair system and one in which the wealthy seem to have it all and working class citizens are stuck in a never ending rut. In Source 5 another parents view is expressed, where she expresses her desire for a school in which most of its students could walk to and not sending their children 4 miles away. Source 6 promotes the fact that some people are planning to profit from the governments initiative seeking to profit at the expense of the taxpayer states Ed Balls in Source 8. He continues with Since free schools introduced a free schools policy the countrys education standards in maths and scince have plummeted. This Source brings about more negativity on the topic of free schools and questions the beneficial aspects of free schools. Source 7, an extract adapted from the website of the National Union of Teachers promotes an opinion of high negativity towards free schools, of which 24 have opened this September. A quote of this source is This governments attack on state education has to be opposed. Laws to create many more academies and the new so called free schools are an attack on the very existence of free, state comprehensive education which is democratically accountable. It is privatisation on a grand scale and is unacceptable. From my research many people agree with the condemning of free schools with NASUWT stating The free schools programme will be anything but free. Free schools are an unnecessary and costly gamble in educating the countrys children. The Government is simply not acting responsibly by not making clear where the money will come from to fund the free schools policy. Major education programmes have in the last few weeks been cut or frozen. The public would be right to be concerned that money saved from other education programmes will be used to fund the free schools policy. There is yet more negativity on the introduction of free schools with ATL an education union saying Parents or teachers misguided enough to set up a free school will soon find out that running a school needs a lot more than knowing pupils names and an alternative vision of education. It needs knowledge of employment law, health and safety and the admissions code. And private companies are waiting in the wings to provide these services. ATL has produced a directory listing the major organisations which want to get involved in managing state schools Englands schools: not open for business. These all show there is much negativity on free schools. Also NASUWT outlines the fact that it is not clear where the money to fund free schools will come from which brings about the conclusion that the government are taking money from existing state schools which may not benefit the majority of children in the local area. In Source 9 a blogger wrote her opinion which depicts that instead of reducing segregation free schools would in fact increase it, by being highly selective especially for parents who are forcefully ambitious in their choice of school, leaving behind children, for whom there may not be a voice. In Source 10 we look at Sweden, which already has free schools implemented but a person called Per Thulberg who analysed this said schools had not led to better results and Michael Gove contradicted this stating that if parents had more choice then existing schools would be forced to improve, but Per Thurlberg said better results simply came from students with better backgrounds going into those schools. These statistics suggest that free schools may not bring about better results and will not determine that there are better quality schools for the public to choose from which was the point of free schools being created in the first place. Free schools may simply be taking money from the local comprehensive where students may inevitably end up. Another factor which questions the beneficial aspects of free schools are the growing popularity of faith schools demands to build more faith schools in the form of free schools are reportedly growing this is a feature which some say will segregate society further and not promote community cohesion. http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2046715/Richard-Dawkins-attacks-alien-rubbish-taught-Muslim-faith-schools. html http://www. guardian. co.uk/education/2011/oct/04/alarm-over-racial-segregation-london-schools. These articles especially the second depict the racial segregation that faith schools may cause. I think personally that large numbers of faith schools in Britain will not benefit the society as a whole. In conclusion and to be fair and in all honesty it is just too soon to say whether free schools are going to be a good thing and create a more fair educational society for all of us. It is very clear that the present system is not working and puts immense pressure on both parents and children to fulfill the need to attend a good school. Once parents were allowed to see the published national league tables of which schools perform well as opposed to which schools did not, it was only a matter of time before wealthy parents were able to move to a catchment area to secure the best school places for their children leaving behind the poorer child to accept whatever was on offer. This has caused a very great divide in good and average performing schools and caused a lot of low morale for many parents in this country. If free schools can address this major issue it can only be a good thing. However, it can be argued that the odds are stacked against them. In our present times with our bleak economic outlook any system that is trying to get on its feet will gobble a lot of financial resources and one has to look at where this money is coming from and whether our already existing state schools who do not join in will suffer as a result. Competition is whole heartedly healthy generally in a society but not an unfair one where competition takes place in schools where clever kids are already creamed off and able to go to better schools. This can be a major disadvantage and in itself causes segregation of a different sort. I feel that if people are inspired to take on the opportunity of setting up a free school then they probably have a vision of a better , alternative system they are aspiring to which is a good thing as the government has set up a lot of stringent conditions which have to be passed to set up a free school. In all, apathy and not doing anything to address the issues in our schools is a worse misdemeanor than at least trying to see whether free schools hold the answer to our problems and so we can only hope for our future generations that free schools work. As in everything in life only time will tell.

Concepts and principles of business to business marketing

Concepts and principles of business to business marketing The purpose of this paper is to discuss business-to-business marketing requires a special, unique set of marketing concepts and principles versus business-to-business marketing is really not that different and the basic marketing concepts and principles apply. The basic concepts and principles for business-to-consumer have been studied and the researcher agreed that the basic marketing and principles do apply. However, the application and implementation of the marketing strategy may need to be attuned to the nature of business-to-business activity. Business-to-business (B2B) can be explained as business that sells products or provides services to other businesses. These organisations in turn, may re-sell the products and services to final consumers; or they may use the products or services as an input for manufacturing of final consumer goods; or use it provide services to final consumers; or government that use these products and services to serve the society. While B2B activity may exist in both traditional form and online, the acronym B2B is commonly refer to the online variety (Jobber, 2007, p. 19). Whereas Business-to-Consumer (B2C) is defined as business that sells products or provide services to final consumers. These consumers can be either individuals or family units and these products or services is purchased for own consumption purposes. Although B2C activity may exist in both traditional form and online, the acronym B2C is generally refer to the online variety (McDaniel, et al., 2006, p. 196). Modern marketing concept can be defined as identifying and meeting targeted consumer needs and wants better than the competitor, for the benefit of the organisation and its stakeholders. Therefore, the function of marketing management will include formulating and implementing a suitable marketing strategy to achieve organisation goals; through satisfied customers (Kotler Keller, 2009, p. 45). To understand the marketing function, marketer needs to understand the core marketing concepts: the production concepts, the product concepts, the selling concepts, the marketing concepts, holistic concepts and societal marketing concepts. 1 In order to satisfy the targeted consumers, the marketer needs to understand the market environment and the consumer. Based on this understanding, a company will work out a Marketing mix and develop suitable marketing activities and deliver the value to the consumer. The traditional marketing mix consists of four elements: product, price, promotion and place (4-Ps). However, marketing in todays business world has evolved. It is important for todays marketer to include three additional Ps: people, process and physical evidence (Jobber, 2007, p. 19). One of the crucial exercise while developing marketing strategy, marketer will need to evaluate the companys general strength, weakness, opportunity and threats. This constructive methodology is also known as the SWOT analysis. It is recognised that from the basic marketing concepts and the marketing mix which have been mentioned earlier, there is a crucial element which a marketer must remember consumers. Consumers may be divided into two categories: final/ultimate consumers and organisational consumers. However, they are both the source of revenue for the organisation. They are the targeted people which the marketer would need to satisfy, in order to make the sales. Therefore, the basic marketing concepts and principles may be applied to both types of consumers. Only adaptation of the targeted consumer type is needed. The 4-Ps is a useful marketing tool in determining the marketers trade channels and their final consumers. The Product element in the 4-Ps is where the company needs to choose what type of product or service to provide to a group of customer, in order to satisfy their wants. This is especially crucial in new product development. A product may be in the form of physical goods, such as mobile phones, isotonic drink, LED television and etc. Service is intangible benefits that a company or individual can offer to the customers, such as financial consultant, medical care, and etc (Kotler, et al., 2003, p. 17). 2 Price is one of the most important components in the 4-Ps. This is due to the fact that it signifies the benefits that the company will receive from the sale of products and services. As compared to other elements of the 4-Ps, which represent costs. It is crucial for company to determine the most suitable pricing of its product. This is because product price may influence the purchasing decision of the buyer. Some companies may opt for lower price strategy by offering a lower price version of the same product offered by competitor (McDaniel, et al., 2006, p. 196). Promotion is the means for a marketer to communicate with the targeted customer, to enable the awareness of the product existence and availability. Marketer will be required to decide the channel of promotional activities suited for the product or service its offering. Some larger companies may choose television advertisement as the promotional activity, because it is able to cover wide audiences in a fast way. Some companies with a lesser resources may choose internet as their promotional tools, where the cost is lower and it is not limited by geographical boundary (Elliot, et al., 2008, p. 34). Place involves ensuring the products and services is available to the targeted customers. Marketer needs to decide on the distribution channels and the management of the product location, transportation and etc. A good distribution method is able to create competitive advantage for the company. This is apparent in the case for Dell computers (Kotler, et al., 2003, p. 17). People play an important role in todays business. The quality of service by the companys employee very much influence customers impression on the companys product. This is particularly essential to the service industry. Potential customer may walk away from a purchase if they feel that they receive ill-treatment from the sales staff. Study has shown that a company is able to generate more sales by improving customer service (Mathe and Shapiro, 1993). Physical evidence represents the ambience where the service is being carried out. The physical environment, decoration and colour which are visible to the targeted customers have the ability to affect the customers decision (Kotler Keller, 2009). 3 Process is the flow of activity or the medium of transaction where customers obtain services. Process decisions completely influence how the company delivers the service to the customer. It is understood that in order to establish a suitable marketing mix, a company must understand its targeted customer. And this customer can be divided during the process of market segmentation and target marketing. A company should be able to differentiate its customer base; whether they are final consumer (B2C) or organisational consumer (B2B). After identifying this, the same seven Ps may be applied to targeted consumers. Coviello and Brodie (2001) found that existing business process for both B2C and B2B companies is concerned with managing the marketing mix to attract customers. This is also known as transaction marketing. Either final consumer or organisational consumer, the marketer should consider all the seven elements in marketing mix to derive on the most suitable marketing strategy. Some might argue that basic marketing concepts are suitable for a B2C environment. However, study has shown that even international company like Levi Strauss (a renown clothing brand, specialise in jeans) needs to make certain adaption in developing its marketing mix. By understanding each countrys local cultural, physical environment, legal issues, and etc; Levi Strauss is able to apply the right marketing mix to the right consumer group (Vrontis Vronti, 2004). 4 Further the seven Ps, the SWOT analysis of the company is also important to the marketer. The analysis examines the companys internal environment (strengths and weaknesses) and external environment (opportunities and threats). By knowing the companys resources and capabilities, it is possible to turn weaknesses into strengths. Knowing the market environment and trends, it is possible to convert threats into opportunities. SWOT analysis is not limited to certain type of business or consumer. It is about the study of the companys internal and external environment. Therefore, this same basic concept is applicable to both B2B and B2C companies (Elliot, et al., 2008, p. 34). Todays business environment is very dynamic; a marketer should realise that the older marketing concepts is insufficient for a successful marketing strategy. In order to have a more comprehensive strategy, marketers have adopted the Holistic marketing concept. It is the concept that accepts everything matters in marketing, extensive outlook of the business environment is necessary for successful marketing campaign. It is concern with relationship marketing, integrated marketing, internal marketing and performance marketing (Baines, et al., 2008, p. 12). 5 The holistic marketing concept is another evident that shows it does not limit to B2C environment, and the basic concept can be applied to B2B environment. However, some adaption may be required during the application and implementation process. Study has indicated that marketing comprises the whole business; as a result, it includes top management, administration, production, finance and other functional departments. Marketing-oriented management signifies todays business environment. A company who recognises this phenomena would be able to swift its organisation to a more competitive edge; performing better than its competitor (Polese, 2004). It has been established earlier that basic marketing concepts and principles apply to both B2B and B2C business environment, only the application of the marketing strategy needs to be adapted accordingly. The objective of marketing is to identify and satisfy the needs and wants of targeted customers, better than the competitor. The targeted customers of B2B are the organisational buyers. Business marketer faces the same challenges of consumer marketer. However, there a few aspects of business market which are undoubtedly differ from consumer market (Baines, et al., 2008, p. 659). 6 It was found that organisations in USA, Argentina and New Zealand still uses the traditional four marketing mix as a general guide in their marketing practices. Although the new modern marketing concepts are included in their effort to reach out to targeted customers. Some countries may uses transaction marketing, or some may opt for network marketing. It shows that basic marketing concepts are applicable to both B2B and B2C (Pels, et al., 2004). In order to the understanding of business market, the marketer should be concerned about the buying process of the organisation. The organisational buying process has a few stages more than of consumer buying process. There are eight stages involved, please see figure 4 below. Understanding the difference between business market and consumer market is necessary. Lilien (1987) argued that B2B market is distinctive due to several reasons. The business market generally has few and larger buyers, i.e. the purchase quantity will be large. And the buyer is unable to take any risk of errors, because it may be part of the organisations cost saving strategy. The difference between consumer and business marketing were also documented by Simkin (2000). Simkin believed that business market is conventionally involves the business market structure and market demand; the nature of the buying unit within the organisation; and the type of decisions and the decision process involved (Kotler et al., 2001). Hakansson (et al., 1976) also characterise B2B companies as containing a lot of customers and require to be handled individually. 7 There is close relationship between supplier and customer. As argued by Gruen (1995), B2B marketing is motivated very much by relationship. From strategic aspect of business, it is more beneficial to the company to maintain its current customer, compared to attracting a new customer. The long term customer who is satisfy with the companys service may act as the ambassador to the company; spreading the goodwill of the company which may encourage new customers (Cann, 1998). A research into organisational buying behaviour done by Sheth (1996) has shown the organisation behaviour is changing from a transaction-centred to a relational-centred value. Adaptation is needed from the traditional marketing concepts. This is crucial in order to provide the right products and services to the targeted consumers (Hallen et al., 1991). Professional purchasing, this may consist of a team of procurement staff or a few business units. Multiple buying influences, whereby buying process is required to go through several formal and legal documentations and approval. Multiple sales calls; derived demand; inelastic demand; fluctuating demand; geographically concentrated buyers and direct purchasing. Although both business market and its buying process contrast dramatically from that of consumer market, the basic market concepts and principles is still applicable; which is meeting and satisfying customers needs. Only adaptation to the targeted organisational buyer may be needed. In summary, a special and unique sets of marketing concepts and principles is not necessary for B2B, only application process may be adapted. 8 List of References Baines, P., Fill, C. and Page, K., 2008, Marketing, Oxford University Press, New York. Cann, C.W., 2004 Eight Steps to Building a Business-to-business Relationship, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 13, no. 4/5, 1998, pp. 393-405. Coviello, N.E. and Brodie, R.J., Contemporary Marketing Practices of Consumer and Business-to-business Firms: How Different Are They?, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 16, no. 5, 2001, pp. 382-400. Elliot, G., Rundle-Thiele, S., Waller, D., Paladino, A., Pride, W. and Ferrell, O., 2008, Marketing: Core Concepts and Applications, 2nd Asia-Pacific edn, John Wiley Sons Australia Ltd., Queensland, Australia. Hallen, L., Johanson, J. and Seyed-Mohamed, N., 1991, Interfirm Adaptation in Business Relationships, Journal of Marketing, vol. 55, April, pp. 29-37, cited in Brennan, S., Turnbull, P.W. and Wilson, D.T., Dyadic Adaptation in Business-to-business Markets, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 37, no. 11/12, 2003, pp. 1636-1665. Hakansson, H., Johanson, J. and Wootz, B., 1976, Influence Tactics in Buyer-seller Processes, Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 5, December, pp. 319-32, cited in Reed, G., Story, V. and Saker, J., Business-to-business Marketing: What is Important to the Practitioner?, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 22, no. 5, 2004, pp. 501-510. Jobber, D., 2007, Principles and Practice of Marketing, 5th edn, McGraw-Hill Education, London. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Saunders, S. and Wong, V., 2001, Principles of Marketing, 3rd edn, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, cited in Reed, G., Story, V. and Saker, J., Business-to-business Marketing: What is Important to the Practitioner?, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 22, no. 5, 2004, pp. 501-510. Kotler, P., Ang, S.H., Leong, S.M. and Tan, C.T., 2003, Marketing Management an Asian Perspective, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, Singapore. Kotler, P. and Keller, K.L., 2009, Marketing Management, 13th edn, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey. 9 Lilien, G.L., 1987, Business Marketing: Present and Future, Industrial Marketing and Purchasing, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 3-21, cited in Coviello, N.E. and Brodie, R.J., Contemporary Marketing Practices of Consumer and Business-to-business Firms: How Different Are They?, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 16, no. 5, 2001, pp. 382-400. Mathe, H. and Shapiro, R.D., 1993, Integrating Service Strategy in the Manufacturing Company, Chapman Hall, London, cited in Gebauer, H., Wang, C.Z., Beckenbauer, B. and Krempl, R., Business-to-business Marketing as a Key Factor for Increasing Service Revenue in China, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 22, no. 2, 2007, pp. 126-137. McDaniel, C., Lamb, Jr., C.W. and Hair, Jr., J.F., 2006, Introduction to Marketing, 8th edn, Thomson South-Western, Ohio. Pels, J., Brodie, R. J. and Johnston, W.J., 2004, Benchmarking Business-to-business Marketing Practices in Emerging and Developed Economies: Argentina Compared to the USA and New Zealand, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 19, no. 6, 2004, pp. 386-396. Polese, F., 2004, Lintegrazione Sistemica Degli Aggregate Reticolari di Impresa, CEDAM, Padova, cited in Gummesson, E. and Polese, F., B2B is Not An Island, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 2009, pp. 337-350. Reed, G., Story, V. and Saker, J., Business-to-business Marketing: What is Important to the Practitioner?, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 22, no. 5, 2004, pp. 501-510. Simkin, L., 2000, Marketing is Marketing Maybe!, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 154-8, cited in Reed, G., Story, V. and Saker, J., Business-to-business Marketing: What is Important to the Practitioner?, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 22, no. 5, 2004, pp. 501-510. Vrontis, D. and Vronti, P., 2004, Levi Strauss: An International Marketing Investigation, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 389-98, cited in Levis Adaptable Standards, Strategic Direction, vol. 21, no.6, 2005, pp. 14-15. 10 11

Essay --

Picture the ultimate dream car. Is it a brand new Mustang right off the show room floor? Maybe it is a SUV with heated leather seats. Or it might by something fast and imported, like a Ferrari, Lamborghini, or Porsche. For some people, dream cars don't come from the present or the future, but the past. But getting that dream car from the past isn’t always easy. A lot of the times it is rusting away in some old barn or out in a field with weeds growing through the floorboard. When someone finds that dream car in those conditions they can do a couple different things they can build it into a rat rod. A rat rod is where the outside of the car is left rusty and in the shape it was found in, and has a big powerful motor and a good strong transmission. Or the other choice is to restore the car to its former glory. When someone restore a car to its former glory there are four main categories or steps that they need to do; body work, paint, interior, and engine/transmission. The first step in body work is to take the car apart so that it is easier to get rid of all the dents, paint, and rust. Then take out all of the interior, and take off the mirrors, hood, fenders, and all of the extra parts that will make it easier to get off the paint. Paint stripping methods usually fall into two main categories: abrasive and chemical. In abrasive paint striping there is media blasting, and good old fashion sanding. The way media blasting works is the process of blasting an item with small particles of various abrasive substances at an extremely high velocity in order to remove paint and rust off a vehicle. There are many materials used to media blast cars like walnut shell, plastic beads, baking soda, and different types of sand. D... ...ne have less power. If the original transmission is being used then it as well should be gone through and cleaned. If someone doesn’t want to take the time to take the engine apart and clean every little part and then try to remember where every little piece went then just replacing both the engine and transmission might be the way to go. Buying a brand new engine and transmission has its advantages and its disadvantages. An advantage of buying them new is that they have all new parts and are less likely to break and can take less time than taking apart the engine. A disadvantage is that it can be more expensive than just using the old motor. By completing these steps an old rusted out car can be turned into the ultimate dream car. Whether it is turned in to a rat rod or in to the restored classic car, it is worth all that hard work to get that ultimate dream car.

Deviance :: essays research papers fc

SOCIAL DEVIANCE LET'S SIT RIGHT BACK AND HEAR A TALE, A TALE OF A FATEFUL TRIP, THAT STARTED ON THIS DESERT ISLE, ON THIS TINY SHIP.... WHEN YOU TAKE A LOOK AT YOURSELF AFLOAT IN THIS OCEAN OF PEOPLE, IT DOESN'T TAKE MUCH TO KICK UP A STORM AND CAPSIZE. FOR AN ENTIRE DAY I WAS A ONE MAN TROPICAL DEPRESSION. MY PARTNER AND I WANDERED AROUND TOWN WITH ONLY A GOAL OF INVADING OTHERS' PERSONAL SPACE. THROUGHOUT THE CITY, WE CROWDED PEOPLE AT PAYPHONES, SAT NEXT TO PEOPLE ON PARK BENCHES, SNUGGLED UP TO SINGLE RIDERS ON ELEVATORS, BROKE THE LAW OF URINAL ETIQUETTE ABD GENERALLY ANNOYED PEOPLE IN A LIBRARY. WITH THE PAYPHONE WE MADE THE INITIAL DECISION TO ALTERNATE, MY PARTNER BEING FEMALE AND I MALE, TO ALSO SEE THE DIFFERENCE RESPONSES TO MALE VS. FEMALE INTRUSION. WE WOULD ALTERNATELY WALK UP TO AND STAND BESIDE THE KIOSK OR BOOTH. WE MADE A DRAMATIC DEMONSTRATION OF NOT LISTENING TO THE CONVERSATION BY DIGGING THROUGH PURSE OR WALLET OR TOEING AROUND SOME IMAGINARY OBJECT ON THE GROUND. ON PARK BENCH ES WE USED THE SAME IDEA. WE ONLY STUCK OURSELVES INTO THE SITUATION IF THERE WAS ONLY A SOLO RIDER AND ENOUGH ROOM FOR US TO HAVE STOOD A DISTANCE AWAY. CROWDING SOMEONE IN AN EMPTY 10' X 8' ELEVATOR OR PLOPPING DOWN NEXT TO SOMEONE ON A PARK BENCH SURROUNDED BY FOUR TO FIVE EMPTY BENCHES SEEMED TO SHOW THE MOST DRAMATIC RESPONSE. WE DECIDED THAT THE RULES NORMALLY ADHERED TO IN A LIBRARY SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE DEFINITION OF PERSONAL SPACE, JUST THAT THE SPACE HAD BEEN EXPANDED IN SIZE AND WIDENED TO INCLUDED SOUND PRODUCED BY ANOTHER. MY PARTNER SET HER CELL PHONE AND PAGER IN FRONT OF HER O A TABLE, SLID HER HEADPHONES INTO PLACE TO MAKE IT EASIER TO IGNORE BOTH AND SAT THERE. I MOVED TO THE STACK AREA AND CALLED HER PAGER AND PHONE REPEATEDLY. THE MOST QUESTIONABLE WAYS TO TEST PERSONAL SPACE WERE MINE, ASSUMING THEY WERE ALSO THE EASIEST TO DRAW VIOLENCE. I SPENT AN HOUR INSIDE THE THE WALK IN LOBBY OF A BANK IN THE DAYLIGHT AND AGAIN AFTER MIDNIGHT GETTING WHAT WAS EVIDENTL Y TOO CLOSE TO PEOPLE USING ATM MACHINES. THE LAST DEVIANT ACT WITHIN THE REALM OF PERSONAL SPACE WAS DONE ONCE AND ONLY ONCE. WITHIN A BANK OF SEVEN URINALS IN A RESTROOM, I WAITED FOR ONE TO BE USED (THE FAR RIGHT WAS PICKED), THEN MOVED TO THE SECOND FROM THE RIGHT.

Importance of Control in Staffords Traveling Through the Dark Essay

Importance of Control in Stafford's Traveling Through the Dark In William Stafford's "Traveling Through the Dark," the narrator encounters a dead deer on the edge of the road. He knows that the safe and proper course of action is to push the deer into the canyon, but when he finds that the doe was near giving birth before she died, he hesitates to kill the unborn fawn. Stafford's central idea in the poem revolves around the decision the narrator makes to sacrifice the deer in order to clear the road of obstacles, so that others who drive on the dark, narrow road won't have to swerve. The image of the deer evokes sympathy and compassion from the reader because the image isn't merely that of a dead animal. The second stanza describes the dead deer as the reader would expect. The narrator "stood by the heap, a doe, a recent killing; / she had stiffened already, almost cold." The lifeless deer, merely a heap of animal recently killed on the road, seems ready to be pushed into the canyon, but the next stanza reverses the image of the deer. The narrator approaches ...

La Conciencia de la Mestiza Towards a New Consciousness

In this world of dualities—male-female, whites-other races, subject-object, self-society, among others—we are always confronted with identities. Essentially, these are struggles that co-exist, overlap, cascade and confront each other. Anzaldua’s concept of divided loyalties seeks to find the allies in the other, the Whites. The recognition of the truth is at the foremost of the consciousness call. Instead of disengaging or spreading animosity, Anzaldua aspires to transcend the world of dualities by engaging the â€Å"other† and creating something new out of this experience. Ultimately, I agree with Anzaldua’s concept of divided loyalties, specifically in the discussions on the duality of race.This paper seeks to present Anzaldua’s perspective of the new mestiza and her cognizance of the different struggles of dualities. This discussion will be followed by the discussion of divided loyalties and Anzaldua’s call towards acts of recogniti on and revisiting of buried truths that are indispensable features towards a more dignified humanity.Anzaldua’s argument inductively starts from a description of the self. The fact that the individual of the 21st century has her crisis of self-identity because of the problematic definition of boundaries is enshrined in the statement: â€Å"Because I, a mestiza/ continually walk out of one culture/and into another/ because I am in all cultures at the same time.† (Anzaldua 99) From this initial discussion the attempt to challenge the dualities of race and ultimately of identities is already surfacing. I also envision that this discussion is a vague description of the reality that every human being experience today—that of globalization, not only on the macro-level plane such as the political-economic sphere, but also on the level of the self.While â€Å"being in all cultures† seems like a very beautiful phenomenon, it is actually presented as a confrontatio n or struggle. The presence of different opposing cultural forces takes on the â€Å"self† as its battlefield. There is a clash happening within: â€Å"The ambivalence from the clash of voices results in mental and emotional states of perplexity†¦ The mestiza’s dual or multiple personality is plagued by psychic restlessness.† (100)Imagine this phenomenon of psychic restlessness taking place not just in a single person but collectively happening in commonly held boundaries such as race and culture. We then would have, what Anzaldua calls, un choque or a cultural collision. It is safe to assume that her understanding of un choque is comprehensive considering that she recognized that the struggle for collective identity takes its root on the struggle within the self.One might ask: why is an understanding of the iconic, self-identity-struggling mestiza essential in presenting an argument that would validate the concept of divided loyalties? Simply put the †Å"mestiza connection† is important because the struggle of the mestiza is a struggle of identity, a confrontation between mutually exclusive variables of cultures. Loyalties are given to defined boundaries of an identity; in this case, the boundary is culture. The dilemma of the mestiza lies in her multiple cultural boundaries. Most of the time, the mestiza identity is challenged by paradoxical cultural realities. Divided loyalties exist because of the constant redefinition of the self in the context of â€Å"conflicting information and points of view† (101). Why is there a tolerance for ambiguity? Anzaldua captures this in the statement: â€Å"Rigidity is death.† (101)The concept of divided loyalties elucidates the readers in the intricacies of the dualities of race. Before the â€Å"new consciousness†, people are consumed in the dualities of culture and race but Anzaldua recognized that without a transcendence of this bipolarization, a new consciousness will never be attained. The dual and mutually exclusivist nature of culture is fertile soil for hostility and animosity. The concept of divided loyalties is unique in such a way that the other (i.e. Whites) is perceived as allies instead of enemies.This is what I would call the â€Å"recognition of allies outside the boundaries of our identity.† Next to this recognition is the others’ revisiting of truths that were denied, forgotten or disregarded. Anzaldua affirms this by stating: â€Å"We need you to accept the fact that Chicanos are different, to acknowledge your rejection and negation of us. We need you to own the fact that you looked upon us as less than human, that you stole our lands, our personhood, our self-respect†¦ by taking back the collective shadow, the intra-cultural split will heal.† (107-108).While there is an attempt to seek for allies in â€Å"others† (i.e. enemies), there is also the need for revisiting past injustices. Without re visiting them, there would be reconciliation for the clashes, the un choque, within and without the self. Anzaldua’s call for an acknowledgement of mistakes and recognition of White allies might seem to be an anomalous response to the clash of cultures and yet ushering in a new consciousness calls for a new approach, a possible paradigmatic shift.It is tempting to assume that Anzaldua’s thoughts focus on the differences among the different dualities. The concept of divided loyalties is evidence supporting this fact. It is interesting to understand that divided loyalties show only one side of the multi-faceted and dynamic relation of identities and cultural boundaries. Crucial to the act of defining what makes different groups or individuals unique is also the act of finding the sameness co-existing among these differences.While there is the duality of Anglo and the Mexican, there is also the opposing identities and social constructions based on sexes. Male dominance fe atures strongly in Anzaldua’s discussions. The configurations of identities are complex that an area of sameness (i.e. Mexican culture) can also have independent elements that show differences (i.e. Mexican men and Mexican women). More importantly than posing the question what makes us different, is asking what makes us the same?The mestiza capability of â€Å"walking in and out of different cultures† can present a danger namely having a divided loyalty. Conversely, this same ability of the mestiza enables her to identify with others that are different by probing and looking into boundaries that are common denominators in different cultures. Of the Mexican-Indian difference, sameness can be found. Anzaldua writes, â€Å"It is imperative that mestizas support each other in changing the sexist elements in the Mexican-Indian culture. As long as woman is put down, the Indian and the Black   in all of us is put down. The struggle of the mestiza is above all a feminist on e.† (106).Despite the concept of divided loyalties and the conventional behavior of animosity towards the other, Anzaldua emphasizes on creating avenues of action that would highlight sameness in the midst of differences. This phenomenon actually transfigures the mestiza into someone transcendent of her boundaries. I allude to this as â€Å"reaching out to humanity.†One undeniably appropriate example for divided loyalties is the struggle of indigenous people, specifically Native American Indians, for their identity which is juxtaposed with the desire to belong to the American way of life. Ideally, one might pursue a life exclusively rooted in indigenous cultural identity or to embrace the American dream which leaves indigenous lifestyles behind. Surprisingly, Native American Indians show a hybridization of ideas and cultures. Some might call it a post-modern worldview—taking in, reinterpreting, reimagining and redefining the world and the self as one pleases. Cle arly, when an individual or the collective consciousness of a culture aspires for such hybridization, loyalties are automatically compromised or divided.It is important to reiterate that this new consciousness and new identity should not be seen in a negative way. In spite of the challenges to the indigenous peoples of the world, their identities thrive. Remember, â€Å"Rigidity is death.†Another example for divided loyalties is the diffused way of looking at things, as if we â€Å"have all melted in the pot, but haven’t.† (108). It is a conventional way of thinking for the rest of the world to abhor the US. Americanism, in a cultural sense, is largely detested. Politically, the US remains the world’s hegemonic power although many Americans would deny this as a fact. While Anzaldua does not point this out, the world has become an American mestiza. The countries of the world look at themselves and their clear-cut boundaries of identity are prominent.Howeve r, under this presupposition is the subtle trend towards Americanism, as evident in the world’s knowledge of American culture, love of Brangelina, desire for the American dream, skill of the English language, use of American technology, among other things. While the countries of the world quintessentially retain their identity, the majority have collectively fallen into the concept of divided loyalties. The countries still have their identities, but they take on new forms, they have the ability for mutually exclusive concepts such as nationalism diffuse with Americanism or internationalism.One might consider that the new consciousness ushered is a necessary embrace of the minorities towards its melting into the greater majority. Ironically, the melting happens, and yet the inimitable identities of the selves remain. While Anzaldua believes in compromise such as finding White allies to further the cause of minorities, and the concept of divided loyalties might show how one exc lusive boundary of identity can melt into the boundaries of another, her idea of a new consciousness still recognizes the legitimacy of the struggle of the less powerful. Talking in terms of race, this implies minority-majority conflictions that would need to be addressed. Furthermore, Anzaldua does not conform to passivity in the midst of constant changing of forms. This is indicated in the statement: â€Å"This land was Mexican once/ was Indian always/ and is./ And will be again.† (113).Divided loyalties exist because the boundaries of identities (both of the self and the collective) are no longer defined structures. Conflicting realities will never co-exist, albeit the mestiza has the capacity to transcend its dualities. While divided loyalties can be a threat to the self, it is capable of bringing forth a new beauty of a newly defined identity.Bibliography:Gloria, Anzaldua. â€Å"La Conciencia de la Mestiza, Towards a New Consciousness† Borderlands, La Frontera: Th e New Mestiza. 2nd Edition. Aunt Lute Books:

AT&T †An Overview Of The Existing Organization Essay

AT&T is unrivalled of the top leaders of the telecommunications industry. It is one of the largest ameliorate telephony providers in the US and the high society also provides broadband and television serve to its customers. AT&T is also the se houset largest mobile telephony service in US, with somewhere nigh 85.2 million radio customers and 210 million overall total customers. The home base of the go with are situated in Whitacre Tower, Dallas, Texas, USA. Randall L. Stephenson is the CEO, President and the Chairman of the company.History of AT&TThe history of AT&T goes a long way in the past it goes back to the times when horse parsley Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. The invention of the first telephone was considered to be the foundation of the company which would later be known as AT&T Inc. AT&T had been the only company providing the telecommunication services in the US, it can be said that it had the monopoly over the industry. (AT&T, 2010)In the year 1984 there was an agreement held mingled with former AT&T and the US Department of Justice that the company (i.e. AT&T) would divest its local telephone operations but they will remain in control of their long distance services, R&D and manufacturing arms. The result of the agreement was the population of SBC Communications Inc. (formerly also known as Southwestern Bell Corp).The Telecommunications Act of 1996 created forceful changes in the competitive telecommunication industry. by and by operating for 12 years, SBC Communications Inc. decided to go global. And it did it by acquiring peaceful Telesis Group in 1997, Southern impudently England Telecommunication in 1998 and then in 1999 it acquired Ameritech Corp. And finally in the 2005 SBC Communications Inc. purchased AT&T Corp. and thus the new AT&T was formed. (AT&T, 2010)In 2006 a union was conducted between AT&T and Bellsouth. The achievement of Bellsouth also bought in Cingular Wireless and Yellowpages.com which were re al the joint venture between these dickens companies. Now all these services (including the radio receiver ones) come under the name of AT&T. Now it has become the leaders in the telecommunication industry.The Values of AT&TAT&T determine it employees, customers and suppliers a great deal, because they understand the significance of the race between them. The company powerfully believes in working together as a team so that they are qualified to achieve excellence.AT&T believes that bodily Social Responsibility (CSR) is very pregnant therefore CSR is integrated within the grow of the company. In 2009 the company contributed somewhere around $155 million to the community.The company strongly believes in honesty, integrity, openness and respect, due to these values the company works hard to fall on its promise and it always does the slump thing. (AT&T, 2010)

Intertextual Relationship Between Renoir’s Parte de Campagne Essay

The usage of Mohandas Gandhi greatly affected martin Luther Kings writing , particularly in the region of nonviolent opposition.However they had already laid the solid bedrock for the advancement of the film industry and other pioneers took it in the 1930’s. (Hortelano, 2011, p.256)While during the First World War, the cinema industry seemed to have grounded to a halt, the period after 1920 going to 1930’s show gradual emergence of younger film directors with much enthusiasm in the industry. Such included Marcel Carne, Rene Clair logical and Jean Renoir (Conley 2007 p.Theyre also in applying the preparation methods superior subject matters.This included among others, Jacques Rivette, little Jean lucques Godard, Loius Malle, Francois Truffaut and Alain Resnais. This group of thin film makers believed that a filmmaker has possession of the film without interference from either studios or producers. This paper will discuss Partie de Campagne and Les Mistons., twenty tw o films made by two great French film makers, Jean Renoir and vitry Francois Truffaut respectively.

Throughout your education, you need to write essays.However, despite it being unfinished, it was released ten years down the line. Renoir is famed for producing films with lots of critical realism and satirical content (Hortelano, 2011, p.257). Just like Truffaut’s film, the film Parte de Campagne is a romance filled film based on a short story by Guy de Maupassant and the plot of the film revolves around a family that decides to give take sometime in the country side.When youre in possession of a strong thesis, then you will start to compose the article and ve fully improved your article topic.The former lover, George Saint-Saens, undertook to renew the initial relationship great but to no avail. They both try to catch up but the family large heads to the city. Episodes on what happened were never shot as the project was abandoned (Miller, 2006, p.5) Exemplar, the shots of the late summer storm and the long sequence of the rain firing the river that, underlying the expl osion of passion of the only natural element, and between Henry and Henriette.

He keeps close to Maupassant narratives events.258).On the other hand, Truffaut’s Les Mistons delves onto the lives of children. It was shot in 1957, when Truffaut was only twenty five years old. Unlike Renoir, Truffaut represents the second phase of original French new wave in the cinema industry.Intertextuality has been used by writers as a device for a means to bring forth references to other functions that might help to construct the affect his full text is wanted by the author.Bernadette is the origin and object of a prestigious discovery, symbol of a bright sensuality, mysterious and fascinating personification of the full dark dreams and secret imaginations that populate the nights of adolescents in NÃ ®mes.She becomes the victim of a hostile crowd as soon as the brats learn the impossibility to possess the object of desire, the sense of their strangeness as jealous witnesses, forced to only spy kisses and desire hoped tenderness. The camera takes on this helples s anger, clutching complimentary close behind the five Mistons, following them lovingly. The destruction of the couple has a remote character, is projected worn out of the exclusive world of adolescents: there is just a little bitterness, pity perhaps, only as a memory of the adventures of adolescence.

Dialogism is a form of intertextuality though the expression was coined decades after dialogism.He attempted to make the film as sensuous as possible using affects such as reverse motion and slow motion in for first instance the scene where Gerald is seen kissing Bernadette on the balcony (Dixon, 2006, p.6). Just like his hero Renoir, the shooting of the film was grounded for some time, as the cast took a ten days break logical and came back to continue as if nothing had happened. Being twenty five years then, it captures the moment of the time as it displays his love for the american youth and relationships.From here, you have to develop your own topic that is specific that is under how this overall idea.So well was the synchronization that any boy chosen to appear on the scene would be seen to be representative of the entire idea of all boys’ infatuation (Conley 2007 p.166). This is based on his approach in acquiring the cast where he conducted interviews with boys in the age bracket eleven to fourteen, where he was looking for raw talent and best best fits into the cast rather than theatrical experience. His desire to grow and uplift young people old saw him recruit a young person for the position of director of production, his friend logical and collaborator Bazin (Dixon, 2006, p.

Movie directors may be thought to how have invented the notion of cinema.In fact, one of the boys out of the cinema rips the poster while the others 3rd sing Colliers perdus sans chiens, reversing the lyrics of Paul Edmond Bacri Misraki which is part of the musical soundtrack of the film by Delannoy.Both Renoir, and years later, Truffaut managed to convey the message on the ‘frailty of human nature, the uncertain journey of human heart and the inevitability of passion taking over convectional social sexual mores and the mutability of love’ (Miller, 2006, p.4). Both aueturs treat similar themes in a natural framework, signature of both’s poetic realism.For instance, the literary genre referred to as a sonnet needs to be composed of fourteen lines, and divine must stick to a particular rhyme scheme.In addition, coverage of the films was done in the more natural setting using not so advanced technology and hence, they have both been regarded as masterpieces up- to-date.ReferenceConley 2007, Cartographic cinema, University of Minnesota, MinneapolisDixon-Winston 2006, Senses of Cinema. [Online]. Available at: http://sensesofcinema.

It isnt a normal romance blindly glorifying the medieval Earth .Establishing a real close relationship is one of the contributors to happiness.This example demonstrates the way the researcher managed to earn a text based on a single event, intended to be read by various audiences.The next job is to decide the role of the allusion.