Genres Of Literature Essay Example for Free

Genres Of Literature Es secernGenres of books atomic number 18 important to learn closely. The two main categories separating the different genres of belles-lettres are apologue and nonfiction. There are several genres of literature that f solely under the nonfiction category. Nonfiction sits in direct opposition to fiction. Examples from both the fiction and nonfiction genres of literature are explained in detail below. This detailed genres of literature list is a great mental imagery to share with any scholars. Types of Nonfiction Narrative Nonfiction is tuition base on fact that is presented in a format which tells a accounting. Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the authors expectation or point. A short literary composition on a limited theme or topic, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative. A Biography is a written account of an different persons life. An Autobiography gives the hi humbug of a persons life, writ ten or told by that person. Often written in Narrative form of their persons life. Speech is the faculty or power of speaking oral communication capability to express ones thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture.Read moreHow to write a reflection look for.Generally delivered in the form of an address or discourse. lastly there is the general genre of Nonfiction. This is Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject. This genre of literature offers opinions or conjectures on facts and reality. This includes biographies, history, probes, speech, and narrative nonfiction. Nonfiction opposes fiction and is distinguished from those fiction genres of literature like poetry and drama which is the next section we will discuss. Genres of Fiction Drama is the genre of literature thats subject for compositions is dramatic art in the way it is represented.This genre is stories composed in write or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emo tion are expressed through dialogue and action. Poetry is verse and rhythmic theme with imagery that evokes an emotional response from the reader. The art of poetry is rhythmical in composition, written or spoken. This genre of literature is for exciting merriment by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts. Fantasy is the forming of mental images with strange or other worldly settings or characters fiction which invites suspension of reality. Humor is the faculty of perceiving what is nonsensical or comical.Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement which meant to entertain. This genre of literature can actually be seen and contained within all genres. A Fable is a story about supernatural or extraordinary people Usually in the form of narration that demonstrates a useful truth. In Fables, animals often speak as humans that are legendary and supernatural tales. Fairy Tales or wonder tales are a kind of folktale or fable. Sometimes the stories are about fairies or other magica l creatures, usually for children. Science Fiction is a story based on impact of potential science, either actual orimagined.Science fiction is one of the genres of literature that is set in the future or on other planets. Short Story is fiction of such brevity that is not able to support any subplots. Realistic Fiction is a story that can actually happen and is true to real life. Folklore are songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a person of folk that was handed down by word of mouth. Folklore is a genre of literature that is widely held, but false and based on unsubstantiated beliefs. Historical Fiction is a story with fictional characters and events in a historic setting.Horror is an overwhelming and painful feeling caused by literature that is abysmally shocking, terrifying, or revolting. Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and the reader. A Tall Tale is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible wi th an here of nonchalance. Legend is a story that sometimes of a national or folk hero. Legend is based on fact but also includes imaginative material. Mystery is a genre of fiction that deals with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of abstruses. some(prenominal)thing that is kept secret or remains unexplained or unknown.Mythology is a type of legend or traditional narrative. This is often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism often pertaining to the actions of the gods. A body of myths, as that of a particular people or that relating to a particular person.Fiction in Verse is full-length novels with plot, subplots, themes, with major and minor characters. Fiction of verse is one of the genres of literature in which the narrative is usually presented in light verse form. The genre of Fiction can be defined as narrative literary works whose content isproduced by the imagination and is not inescapably based on fact.In fiction something is feigned, invented, or imagined a made-up story. Basic Parts of Essay Introductory Paragraph The introductory dissever accomplishes leash purposes it captures the readers interest, it suggests the importance of the essays event, and it ends with a dissertation judgment of conviction. Often, the thesis sentence states a claim that consists of two or more related points. For example, a thesis might read A college essay has an introductory paragraph, several body paragraphs, and a concludingparagraph.You are telling the reader what you cipher are the most important points which need to be addressed in your essay. For this reason, you need to relate the introduction directly to the question or topic. A virile thesis is essential to a trade good essay, as each paragraph of your essay should be related back to your thesis or else deleted. Thus, the thesis establishes the underlying foundation for your essay. A strong thesis not only states an idea, but also uses solid examples to back it up. A weak thesis might be Wikipedia is a powerful resource in many ways.As an alternative, a strong thesis for the same topic would be Wikipedia is a powerful resource because it allows users with knowledge in a special area toshare their knowledge, because it allows users to quickly find information about a vast array of topics, and because studies have confirmed that it is as accurate as any other encyclopedia. Then, you could separate your body paragraphs into three sections one explaining the open-source nature of the project, one explaining the variety and depth of information, and a final examination one using studies to confirm that Wikipedia is indeed as accurate as other encyclopedias.TipsOften, composing an introductory paragraph is the most difficult part of writing an essay. Facing a blank page can be daunting. Here are some suggestions for getting started. First, determine the context in which you involve to butt your topic. In other words, identify an overarching category in which you would place your topic, and then introduce your topic as a case-in-point.For example, if you are writing about dogs, you whitethorn begin by speaking about confederates, dogs macrocosm an example of a very good friend. Alternatively, you can begin with a sentence on selective breeding, dogs cosmos an example of extensive selective breeding.You can also begin with a sentence on means of protection, dogs being an example of a good way to stay safe. The context is the starting point for your introductory paragraph. The topic or thesis sentence is the windup point. Once the starting point and ending point are determined, it will be much easier to connect these points with the narrative of the opening paragraph. A good thesis statement, for example, if you are writing about dogs being very good friends, you could put A dog is an example of a very good friend because X, Y, and Z. Here, X, Y, and Z would be the topics explain ed in your body paragraphs.In the format of one such instance, X would be the topic of the second paragraph, Y would be the topic of the third paragraph, and Z would be the topic of the one-quarter paragraph, followed by a conclusion, in which you would summarize the thesis statement. Example As we travel through our lives, we will identify many people as friends. In truth, most of these individuals are simply acquaintances.They will enter and depart from our existences as matters of mutual convenience. True friends will be there for you always. There is no friend truer than a dog. Identifying a context can help shape the topic or thesis.Here, the author decided to write about dogs. Then, the writer selected friends as the context, dogs being good examples of friends. This shaped the topic and narrowed the focus to dogs as friends. This would fake writing the remainder of the essay much easier because it allows the writer to focus on aspects of dogs that make them good friends. B ody Paragraphs Each body paragraph begins with a topic sentence. If the thesis contains multiple points or assertions, each body paragraph should support or justify them, preferably in the guild the assertions originally stated in the thesis.Thus, the topic sentence for the basic body paragraph will refer to the first point in the thesis sentence and the topic sentence for the second body paragraph will refer to the second point in the thesis sentence. Generally, if the thesis sentence contains three related points, there should be three body paragraphs, though you should base the number of paragraphs on the number of supporting points needed. If the nitty-gritty topic of the essay is the format of college essays, the thesis sentence might read A college essay has an introductory paragraph, several body paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph.The topic sentence for the first body paragraph might read The first paragraph of an essay is the introductory paragraph. Sequentially, the t opic sentence for the second body paragraph might read The introductory paragraph is followed by several body paragraphs. And the topic sentence for the third body paragraph might read The college essays final paragraph is its concluding paragraph. Everybody paragraphs uses specific details, such as anecdotes, comparisons and contrasts, definitions, examples, expert opinions, explanations, facts, and statistics to support and develop the claim that its topic sentence makes.Tips When writing an essay for a class assignment, make sure to follow your teacher or professors suggestions. Most teachers will reward creativity and thoughtful administration over dogmatic adherence to a prescribed structure. many will not. If you are not sure how your teacher will respond to a specific structure, ask. Organizing your essay around the thesis sentence should begin with arranging the supporting elements to justify the assertion put forth in the thesis sentence. Not all thesis sentences will, or should, lay out each of the points you will cover in your essay.In the example introductory paragraph on dogs, the thesis sentence reads, There is no friend truer than a dog. Here, it is the task of the body paragraphs to justify or prove the truth of this assertion, as the writer did not specify what points they would cover. The writer may next ask what characteristics dogs have that make them true friends. Each characteristic may be the topic of a body paragraph. Loyalty, companionship, protection, and assistance are all terms that the writer could apply to dogs as friends. Note that if the writer puts dogs in a different context, for example, working dogs, the thesis might be different, andthey would be focusing on other aspects of dogs. It is often effective to end a body paragraph with a sentence that rationalizes its presence in the essay. Ending a body paragraph without some sense of closure may cause the thought to sound incomplete. Each body paragraph is something like a small essay in that they each need an introductory sentence that sounds important and interesting, and that they each need a good closing sentence in order to produce a smooth transition between one point and the next. Body paragraphs can be long or short. It depends on the idea you want to develop in your paragraph.Depending on the specificstyle of the essay, you may be able use very short paragraphs to signal a change of subject or to explain how the rest of the essay is organized. Do not spend too long on any one point. Providing extensive background may interest some readers, but others would find it tiresome. Keep in mind that the main importance of an essay is to provide basic background on a subject and, hopefully, to spark enough interest to induce further reading. Example A true friend will be there for you whenever you need them. Any dog proprietor will say that there is nobody that will stick with you through thick and thin as much as a dog.My own dog can barely contain h er joy when I come home from a hard day. Regardless of my mood, and my attitude towards her, she is always joyful when I am home, and that is usually enough to make me feel better about everything. True friends will help you when you are in need. Whether it is to protect their owner against some sort of threat or to help a blind person walk across the street, dogs are the most reliable companion a person could have. Few villains would attack a person walking a dog at night, and statistics show that homes with dogs are among the least likely to be dispirited into.The above example is a bit free-flowing and the writer intended it to be persuasive. The second paragraph combines various attributes of dogs including protection and companionship. Here is when doing a little investigate can also help. Imagine how much more effective the last statement would be if the writer cited some specific statistics and backed them up with a reliable reference. Concluding Paragraph The concluding p aragraph usually restates the thesis and leaves the reader something about the topic to think about.If appropriate, it may also issue a call to act, inviting the reader to take a specificcourse of action with regard to the points that the essay presented. Aristotle suggested that speakers and, by extension, writers should tell their audience what they are sack to say, say it, and then tell them what they have said. The three-part essay model, consisting of an introductory paragraph, several body paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph, follows this strategy. Tips As with all writing, it is important to know your audience. All writing is persuasive, and if you write with your audience in mind, it will make your argument much more persuasive to that particular audience.When writing for a class assignment, the audience is your teacher. Depending on the assignment, the point of the essay may have nothing to do with the assigned topic. In most class assignments, the purpose is to persuad e your teacher that you have a good grasp of grammar and spelling, that you can organize your thoughts in a comprehensive manner, and, perhaps, that you are capable of following instructions and adhering to some dogmatic formula the teacher regards as an essay. It is much easier to persuade your teacher that you have these capabilities if you can make your essay interesting to read at the same time.Place yourself in your teachers position and try to imagine reading one formulaic essay after another. If you want yours to stand out, capture your teachers wariness and make your essay interesting, funny, or compelling. Example It is no accident that many people consider their dogs as part of their family. Just like every other member, dogs contribute to the happiness and well-being of the home, making the burdens of caring for them well worth the effort. Dogs deserve love and respect every bit as much as they love and respect us. After all, what more can a friend be?In the above exampl e, focus shifted slightly and talked about dogs as members of the family. Many would suggest it departs from the logical organization of the rest of the essay, and some teachers may consider it unrelated and take points away. However, contrary to the common wisdom of tell them what you are going to say, say it, and then tell them what you have said, you may find it more interesting and persuasive to shift away from it as the writer did here, and then in the end, return to the core point of the essay. This gives additional effect to what an audience would otherwiseconsider a very boring conclusion.

What Literacy Means to Me Essay Example for Free

What Literacy Means to Me EssayWhat literacy fashion for me and the impact that it has had on my life. Literacy refers to the ability to read for knowledge, write coherently, and depend critically about the written word. The primary sense of literacy still represents the lifelong, intellectual process of gaining meaning from a critical interpretation of the written or printed text. profound to all literacy is reading development, a progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the deep understanding of text. Literacy is taught through parents by making reading to your child a regular part of your daily schedule, just as my pose did when I was younger. She would read both early readers and chapter books to me. When reading, she would slur to the words as she said them and read slowly. This allowed me to read along with her. Once she noticed that I understood certain words, such as the word the, my mot her would let me say that word a few times when it appears in the story. This method taught me to be quite an advanced reader by the age of 5 and was heading into kindergarten.The definition of literacy is a difficult one to answer. When the word literacy comes to mind I think of it first in basic monetary value of just organismness able to read, but I know it contains more elements of being just able to read. In my mind literacy as a whole defines the relationship that mass have with books. Just like the way my mother taught me the love of reading, which has continued to grow as Ive aged and encouraged me to develop a love for chapter books and the stories depict in them.I find myself becoming engrossed in these stories and sometimes even comparing them to my own life experiences. Literacy as a whole means the relationship with different types of literature and how well people can comprehend them. There is the basic standard of literacy which would be reading. Then the future (a) step would be how well the reader could comprehend what is being read. Understanding the words written and know most of their meaning. After that it would be how well the reader could analyze the text.The next step from there would be if the writer could then analyze the text well enough to point out anomalies, binaries, patterns, strands, and any repetition that the literature being read may have. After the interpretation of reading and understanding the literature one should be able to write about it. When writing on the literature the reader should be able to communicate clear decisive thoughts about the text that isnt already spelled out in the literature. With a sharp center analytical claim.This shows that the reader understood the literature and is capable of translating it to others without retelling the literature that has already been read. For me literacy is very important and has a really strong impact in my life. When I was a kid I remember my mother always telling me the more you know the better it is. I never really understood what she meant nor did I pay that much attention. Society has proven time and time again, it will reward those individuals who are competent and impede those who are not, whether expressed in terms of employment opportunities or just on a social level.One needs look no further than their everyday activities in order to cook how important literacy is. Without adequate literary skills one may not be able to identify on a label the correct amount of practice of medicine to give a child, or read and interpret a sign giving instructions on what to do in case of a fire. These devil examples bring perspective to literacys importance. I discovered that I mainly employment text or literacy to communicate with others for maintaining family connections or for work related information.I use text or literacy for entertainment as well, but I spend far less time using it for work than I do for entertainment. Overall, I think lit eracy is a very fluid conceptit is ever changing and evolving as we change and as our way of life changes. A generation or two ago, it was merely important to be able to read and write. Now, one must be able to read and write and use technology to be successful in the world. And for this necessary ability, I have my mother to thank for all her hard work teaching me these skills as a young child.

Role of energy in the body Essay Example for Free

Role of energy in the body EssayEnergy is necessary to imbue blood, lymph and tissue fluid throughout the body it is necessary for breathing and taking in oxygen it is necessary for do new cells for carrying out growth and purify it is employ to transmit nerve impulses so that it can respond to changes in the environment and it is needed to build assorted tortuous molecules such as enzymes and hormones from the candid molecules produced after digestion of food.Cardiovascular systemThe heart is a muscular pump which hosts blood rough the body through a system of blood vessels, namely arteries, veins and capillaries. Blood carries dissolved oxygen to the body cells and at the same time removes the waste products of respiration, carbon dioxide and water. However, blood is also important in distributing heat roughly the body, on with hormones, nutrients, salts, enzymes and urea. It is important that the blood flows in only one direction through the heart so it is supplied with sp be valves to ensure that this happens.Blood pressureThe force blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels it is passing through is known as the blood pressure (BP). It can be measured using a special piece of equipment called a sphygmomanometer.Blood vesselsArteries and arterioles Arteries leave the heart and supply smaller vessels known as arterioles which, in turn, supply the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries. Arteries usually carry oxygenated blood. The exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carrying, respectively, blood to the lungs and placenta in pregnancy for oxygenation.The digestive systemThe alimentary canal is a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It is dilated, folded and puckered in various places along its length. Many glands are associated with the alimentary canal, and have important roles to play in digestion. When food is taken into the mouth it is mixed with saliva, chewed or masticated by the action of the expectoration and teeth, rolled into a small ball known as a bolus, and swallowed. This process is called mechanical digestion and is an important part of physically breaking the food downward(a) at an early stage.The salivary glandsThree pairs of salivary glands pour their secretions known as saliva into the mouth. Saliva, a digestive juice, contains an enzyme known as salivary amylase, which begins the digestion of carbohydrates as well as lubricating the mouth and helping bolus formation.The stomachThe stomach is the widest part of the alimentary canal. Food can stay in the stomach for up to threesome hours, with a protein meal remaining the longest and food not containing protein passing through relatively quickly. During this time, the strong stomach walls roll and churn the food around and pour on secretions from the gastric glandsThe ileumThe remainder of the small intestine, known as the ileum, is mainly concerned with the absorption of the now fully digested food. It is specially adapt ed for this by long length. folded interior. lining covered in many thousands of tiny projections called villi. epithelial cells of villi covered in microvilli, projections so small that they can only be notice using an electron microscope.The liverThe liver is a large dark-red organ. It has a multitude of vital functions in the body, one of which is to produce bile. Bile contains no enzymes at all, but it provides important bile salts that cause the emulsification of fats (lipids) in the duodenumThe pancreasThe pancreas is a slim, leaf-shaped gland, located between the intestines and the stomach, close to the duodenum. It secretes enzyme-rich pancreatic juice as well as alcalescent salts needed to neutralise the acidic secretions from the stomach. Pancreatic enzymes go to work on all three macronutrients (protein, fat and carbohydrate) and are important agents for the complete breakdown of the complex food molecules into amino acids, glucose and similar simple sugars, fatty acid s and glycerol. Major products of digestion-Peptides and amino acids are nitrogenous compounds. Sugars-Glycerol and fatty acids glycerol is used for energy or reconverting fatty acids into a form of fat which can be stored. -Fat is stored under the skin and around organs where it forms a long-term energy store to be used after glycogen stores are depleted.http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=4osMUZqXDv4Cpg=PA223lpg=PA223dq=circulate+blood,+lymph+and+tissue+fluid+throughout+the+body+it+is+necessary+for+breathing+and+taking+in+oxygen+it+is+necessary+for+making+new+cells+for+carrying+out+growth+and+repair+it+is+used+to+transmit+nerve+impulses+so+that+it+can+respond+to+changes+in+the+environment+and+it+is+needed+to+build+different+complex+molecules+such+as+enzymes+and+hormones+from+the+simple+molecules+produced+after+digestion+of+food.source=blots=H2vrAem_qwsig=Hm34STuu06FNY2oXXPVbgrRVjzwhl=ensa=Xei=55fQUNTWHPSS0QX72oDoBQved=0CDIQ6AEwAAv=onepageq=circulate%20blood%2C%20lymph%20and%20tissu e%20fluid%20throughout%20the%20body%3B%20it%20is%20necessary%20for%20breathing%20and%20taking%20in%20oxygen%3B%20it%20is%20necessary%20for%20making%20new%20cells%20for%20carrying%20out%20growth%20and%20repair%3B%20it%20is%20used%20to%20transmit%20nerve%20impulses%20so%20that%20it%20can%20respond%20to%20changes%20in%20the%20environment%3B%20and%20it%20is%20needed%20to%20build%20different%20complex%20molecules%20such%20as%20enzymes%20and%20hormones%20from%20the%20simple%20molecules%20produced%20after%20digestion%20of%20food.f=false

Effects of Internet Online Booking in Travel Agencies

Effects of Internet Online Booking in give out AgenciesCan spicy alley Travel Agencies SurviveWith Online Travel Agencies?Contents (Jump to)Chapter 2 Literature ReviewChapter 3 MethodologyChapter 4 Findings and analytic thinking4.1 UK Travel fabrication, Current Analysis4.2 Composition of TravelThe expedition industriousness re holds the classic example of firms operating as ingredients between the seller and buyers as represented by the multitude of offers that be present in the industry. The giveation for this influence was established in the pre-com put iner era that utilized institutionalize reservation systems. This mode inculcated the industry and became the accepted operational norm as air passages had an exterior sales force as represented by these independent operations, and customers had a means to wade through the difficult maze of airway flight of steps possibilities. The advent of the internet brought a new variable into the scenario whereby it provided consumers with a choice as a result of the capabilities of this medium to collect and display flight availability, schedules and pricing through search engine compiling. Transaction costs were lowered as a result of economies of scale and 24 hour availability, with the heart of the accomplish fueled by utilizing consumers to conduct the work in finding bargains.This examination will seek to equate whether the traditional go agencies known as last Street, representing brick and mortar operations in the industry parlance, depose survive the onslaught to their business as represented by online act agencies.The activate industry represents a phenomenon that we atomic upshot 18 entirely familiar with in terms of verbiage, however, the definitive meanings as represented by specific words may not be as clear as one would think. In order to provide the necessary verbal beneathpinnings for this analysis of if spirited Street Travel Agencies privy survive with online Travel Agenci es, a description of terms seems in order. Travel represents a word that emanates from travailen in Middle English, which means to toil, and has its roots in the French word travailler (Wikipedia, 2007). It, prompt, is specify as (American Heritage Dictionary, 2007) 1. being transported from one place to another as represented by either a ae identify or journey, and, 2. the process and or time entailed in moving a person from a particular location to another. Travel can be further explained as tourism, which is the visiting of family and or friends, the process of commuting as represented by dieing to either work or other functions, the act of migration in moving ones local or as a constant series of moves as illustrated by nomadic peoples, and as pilgrimages for religious reasons (Wikipedia, 2007). In the context of this examination, move around shall be defined by the transport of individuals for pleasure, tourism, business and personal reasons.A hold up agency offers it s services in the capacity of an agent and provides travel and tourism cerebrate services to the public as achieved through the agencys arrangements and agreements with airlines, sheet lines, hotels and other suppliers of travel link up services (Department of the Treasury, 2002). Travel agencies may contract instantaneously with the aforementioned companies or through what is termed a coordinating body such as the Airlines Reporting Corporation as thoroughly as other such agencies or bodies (Department of the Treasury, 2002). In addition to the aforementioned services, travel agencies may offer varied financial related services such as travelers checks and trip insurance. An important segment of the travel industry is represented by tourism, which Hermann Von Schullard, Austrian economist, stated is the sum total of operators which directly relate to the entry balk and movement of foreigners (MedLibrary.org, 2007).The introduction of internet based online travel info, arriere pensee and ticketing systems introduced a new variable into the market which allows consumers to seek ticket prices, schedules and related aspects at discounted prices as a result of the lower commissioning fees online services charge airlines for acting in their capacity as middlemen. This phenomenon caught on with the public and market sh atomic number 18 progressively shifted in favor of online travel services as lower prices, instant access and no frill airlines captured their imagination. High Street travel agencies are and then caught in a battle for survival as a result, however there are market variables that indicate the penetration rates of online travel agencies has been slowing, merely massive damage has already been done. If High Street travel agencies are to survive, they will earn to capitalize upon inherent facets of customer attitudes and preferences as well as what their service type offers that can not be duplicated by computerized access that does not offer human problem solving skills for manifold travel related problems that exist in varied circumstances.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThe rapid pace of changes and developments in the travel industry as a result of travel packages, consumer attitudes, economic variables, engagement histories with varied forms of booking methodologies and related aspects rendered the examination of the subject matter as contemporary. The research methodology deemed best suited to this study was descriptive in that it is based upon the use of data, information, facts and associated re bugs to reveal the way things are. To this end, this examination relied heavily on Internet sources to provide the aforementioned.The definitions utilized herein to provide a tail for understanding of travel agencies as represented by the statement provided by United States Department of the Treasury was used as it represented a definition honed from a governmental classification of an industry sector which represented the culmination of intensive study to arrive at its meaning in a frequent sense that is applicable. This same approach was utilized to conduct data and survey research which entailed the collection of information from the Tourism Society of England, the International Air sustain Association, ITB Berlin and IPK International, Internet World Stats and other sources. In conducting the research on the question as to whether High Street travel agencies can survive with online travel agencies, the beginning(a) aspect that was noted is that the various travel and tourism books offered information on individually sector from a dated perspective that did not take into name new developments, m each of which appeared in 2005 through 2006 as new travel packages and the a new travel sector, cruises, emerged as an industry force.The preceding contention is support by the data uncovered by surveys conducted by Travel Weekly in the United Kingdom that asked respondents in the trav el agency sector direct questions regarding their impression and view of their industry. Such a source represents much viable research that was conducted during 2006, offers a much comprehensive base of industry information on how things actually are as it asked the experts in the field of study, travel agents themselves. Their responses on what they viewed as the emerging segment of most importance, cruises, which also represents their most viable tax income stream is data which was not found in the numerous research studies conducted by the World Trade Organization, PricewaterHouseCoopers, Accenture and World Stats. These sources were extremely valuable in providing accompaniment data on trends, patterns and other facets of the travel and tourism sector, however, information from industry insiders in the High Street sector represented the foundation for the question being examined.ITB Berlin and IPK International offered invaluable information concerning the breakdown of consu mer utilization of travel agency sectors, as did PriceWaterHouseCoopers and Internet World Stats. Accentures research gave depth to the previous information as it provided data on how and what consumers do in the process of seeking travel services. Michael Porters Five Forces Model provided the means to correlate all of the indicated data and survey information into a concise summary of High Street and online travel agency competitive points to hone in on the variables and factors that the forward sources offered.Chapter 3 MethodologyIn examining the context of whether High Street travel agencies can survive with online travel agencies it was determined that the research would have to delve into the nuances of the travel and tourism sector to determine the followingComponents of the industry from an historical perspectiveKey aspects of varied consumer attitudes, preferences, trends and viewsTravel industry product components, trends, developments and projectionsTrend of High Stree t and online travel agency market share progressionsRelationships and importance of differing travel segment components in both sectors in relationship to their inherent strengths and weaknesses as applied against each service modelVariables and factors at work, along with developing trends that might have a bearing on the examinationTo accomplish the foregoing the methodology selected entailed the utilization of secondary research of a limited historical nature to provide background information to understand the context of the industry sectors and their changing relationships. The preceding was courtly through the use of books and journals along with statistical information. Since changes in any industry occur quickly the reliance upon books and journals for contemporary developments was deemed as inappropriate and inconclusive. Therefore, to determine the present status of both sectors, the research and operative methodology centered upon the analysis of data as well as trends an d inherent characteristics. To accomplish the preceding quantitative research was determined as the methodology as it generates new information about the world by virtue of (University of North Carolina, 2007)Objectivity, whereby the potential for bias that could potentially affect and or influence the outcome is kept to a minimum through the collection of varying points of view from a number of differing sources.Rigorous, in that the researcch process utilizes data to uncover obvious as well as obsure information, with attention to accuracy and detail as underlying precepts.Systematic, in that the conduct of research seeks legitimate data and information in order to equate the true undercurrents of what is the case as opposed to what appears to be the case in the study and analysis.The subject under examination represents a puzzle that is ruled by the governing question (International Research Network, 2007). The preceding helped to determine the reseach process, the identificat ion of the sources of data as well as information, and the methodologies to be utilized. Kravitz (2006) states that there are differing types of research which can be used in a study. The one selected for this examination included descriptive along with quantitative as it entails the collection of information and trends through the review of data, surveys and examination of varied sources. Kravitz (2006) indicates that this research type is best at describing the way things are, and that the review of prior research aids in the process, along with contempory information.Chapter 4 Findings and Analysis4.1 UK Travel Industry, Current AnalysisAs of 2002 there were 3,181 travel agencies in the United Kingdom, representing a harvest-tide rate of minus 17.2% that generated $11, 659 billion in sales (International Air Transport Association, 2002). Globally, the travel industry generates in excess of one trillion USD annually and is the largest industrial sector (Vogel, 2006, pp. 50-59). The Tourism Society of England indicates that domestically this segment of the industry generates 75 billion pounds in a highly fragmented industry (Tourism Society, 2007).In canvas conducted by Travel Weekly, the British based industry travel magazine, travel agents were asked their views on a number of areas (Travel Weekly, 2007). 47% indicated that cruises would represent the biggest growth area in travel in 2007, followed by long haul trips at 32%, and domestic breaks at 21% (Travel Weekly, 2007). The implications of the preceding seemingly bode well for travel agencies in that these types of trips consumers seek the aid of professionals to aid them with arrangements, features, pricing and the varied packages that are available, which can be quite extensive. Travel agents indicated that they were worried, however regarding the state of the travel industry entering 2007, registering 61%, with 26% indicating confidence and 13% checking indifference as their response (Travel Weekl y, 2007). Travel agent responses provide a valuable insight as to how they feel concerning various aspects and as the most up to date informational source such is being utilized to provide a gauge on the prospects of High Street travel agencies and their battle for market share with online travel agencies. A significant response to the canvas tents in this regard can be found in what travel agents thought about the price wars lowering High Street fares. 36% indicated that they believed that such would end up in lower prices, bit 42% replied no, with 21% indicating probably (Travel Weekly, 2007).With respect to the dollar to pound exchange rate that has increased in favor of the pound, travel agents indicated that they felt Christmas shoppers would benefit the most, 51%, followed by New York City retailers at 23%, High Street travel agencies, 15%, and online retailers and airlines at 11% (Travel Weekly, 2007). The preceding represents an indication of travel agents attitudes toward High Street travel agencies that mirrors their responses concerning their battle for market share. This view was also confirmed by travel agent responses to if there is any time to come for independent High Street travel agents. 54% stated that they felt there would always be room for independent agents, with 27% indicating the affirmative tho as part of a larger buying group, and 19% stating that they would not be able to compete against the larger companies (Travel Weekly, 2007). When asked about the importance of cruises to their industry, travel agents responded in the following fashion. 53% indicated that this area is growing in importance, with 21% stating that it represents the one area that they make money (Travel Weekly, 2007). 17% indicated that this segment is too complex and that they do not sell cruise packages, and 9% stated that cruise business is vital to their business only if they sell these via self packaging (Travel Weekly, 2007). Given that 47% indicated that t he cruise business will enjoy the largest segment of growth in the industry in 2007, that seemingly indicates that High Street travel agencies are factorisation in this segment as an important revenue stream.The utilization of the Internet as a booking method has seen high growth in Europe, in general in flights as well as accommodations (ITB Berlin and IPK International, 2006, p. 13). The foregoing represents an approximated one/third of all outbound trips and also entails online booking for some segments of an individuals trip as represented by hotel and vehicle reservations (ITB Berlin and IPK International, 2006, p. 13). ITB Berlin and IPK International (2006, p. 13) reports that the utilization of the internet is primarily the mode used for airline ticket purchases, with accommodations second, however, vehicle reservations leads both categories as a percentage of sales of the total.Table 1- Travel Bookings in Europe, January Through August 2006(as a percentage of pre-bookings in total travel)(ITB Berlin and IPK International, 2006, p. 13)TotalInternetAccommodations78%37%Flight63%38%Travel insurance23%6%Bus/coach15%2%Rental car15%10%Ferry9%7%Train7%4%Others5%3%Interestingly, travel agents utilize the internet as a source of information and the use of tour operators in placing their rates and packages online represents a key reason for the preceding (ITB Berlin and IPK International, 2006, p. 13). Consumers utilize the Internet for a large percentage of their travel arrangements, especially in the area of airline, accommodation and auto rental, as shown by the followingTable 2 Information Sources Used by European outgoing Travelers, January through August 2006(ITB Berlin and IPK International, 2006, p. 14)Source% shareInternet45Travel agency20Friends/relatives17Travel guide8Travel tract7Newspaper3Tourist office2TV2Others5The preceding seemingly indicates that incursions by Internet based booking in the cruise travel segment is going to remain low as a r esult of the complexities encountered in making selections and wading through the complex data and choices. As the main revenue source and growth area for High Street travel agencies, consolidation of the services offered in this area represents a strong foundation to be built upon. The consumer climate in the United Kingdom exceeds the confidence of travel agencies with respect to their outlooks. Travel Weeklys (2007) poll in this segment indicated that 26% of them were confident, while ITB Berlin and IPK International (2006, p. 18) found that the United Kingdom and Spain are at the top of its consumer confidence survey as well as percentage of household consumption. Termed as a willingness to buy, said factor represents increased demand in the UK during 2007, and as the United Kingdoms transcription in this category has consistently been at the top, bodes well for the continued growth forecast in the industry.The growth in eCommerce has shifted the manner and way individuals utili ze travel services. Originating in a paper on packet switching by Leonard Kleinrock of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1961, the theoretical underpinnings of Klienrocks work set the be for the ARANET which was the distant forerunning to the internet (Internet Society, 2007). That beginning has reshaped the manner of global commerce, information availabilities, and created an entirely new set of industry classifications. One such manifestation is illustrated in the travel industry. The ability to search large quantities of data easily and instantly through varied online web sites, and travel agencies without any sales or pressure tactic makes the internet a technology that is ideally suited to the travel industry. In this medium consumers can search and explore at their leisure at any time reviewing all manner of destinations, travel times, pricing and comparative offers. This used to be the exclusive domain of travel agencies, the search for fares, times, routes, seat ing, destinations and packages, through information networks that were unobtainable to the public. Consumers do not have to queue at call centers, telephone or take a trip to High Street travel agencies, they can simply click online and search easy to find categories from their Internet browser. Online travel agents are able to offer 24 hour access to information that consumers can access and compare at any time, representing a boon to locating the best prices, dates, deals, destinations and packages.The online travel industry is just a decade old, however the impress of online agencies has been tremendous (Economist, 2005). The benefit of the Internet to consumers and travel providers such as airlines, hotels, car rentals and associated sectors is that it saves administrative costs enabling them to offer lower fares and rates (Economist, 2005). There are 37,600,000 internet substance abusers in the United Kingdom estimated for 2006 against a population of 60,000,000 people repres enting a 62.5% penetration rate with user growth rising by communicate% between the period 2000 and 2006 (Internet World Stats, 2007a). The UK ranks 6th globally in the total number of Internet users (Internet World Stats, 2007b), and ranks 20th on terms of penetration rate (Internet World Stats, 2007c).Table 3 Top 20 Countries with the Highest Number of Internet Users(Internet World Stats, 2007b)RankCountryInternetUsersPopulation(2006 est.)InternetPenetration1United States209,024,921299,093,23769.9%2China123,000,0001,306,724,0679.4%3Japan86,300,000128,389,00067.2%4Germany50,616,20782,515,98861.3%5India40,000,0001,112,225,8123.6%6United Kingdom37,600,00060,139,27462.5%7Korea (South)33,900,00050,633,26567.0%Table 4 Top 20 Countries with the Highest Number of Internet Users(Internet World Stats, 2007c)RankCountryPenetration(% Population)Internet UsersLatest DataPopulation(2006 Est.)1Iceland86.8%258,000297,0722New Zealand76.3%3,200,0004,195,7293Sweden74.9%6,800,0009,076,7574Portuga l74.1%7,782,76010,501,0515Australia70.7%14,663,62220,750,0526Falkland Islands70.4%1,9002,6997Denmark69.4%3,762,5005,425,3738United States69.3%207,161,706299,093,23719Netherlands65.9%10,806,32816,386,21620United Kingdom62.5%37,600,00060,139,274The significance of these figures is that online travel agencies effectively are accessible to 62.5% of the UK population, which becomes more imposing when one considers that 16.7 million United Kingdom residents traveled outside of the earth during 2006 (National Statistics, 2007). The utilization of travel outside the UK is utilized as internal country travel represents means generally using short air trips, train, car and coach for brief trips and stays and does not factor into the type of business profile utilized to a high percentage by High Street travel agencies. The impact of the Internet has caused a dramatic decrease in the number of brick and mortar travel agency locations in the United Kingdom as a result of shifting consumer book ing patterns. During 2005, the intrusion of the Internet into the brick and mortar travel agency business caused 28 travel agency companies to fail, not to mention the numerous closing of the offices of the larger chains (m-travel.com, 2005). In 2005, the number of brick and mortar travel agencies totaled 6,124, down considerably from the 7,513 in 1989 (m-travel.com, 2005).The good news is that cruise ship travel is up substantially, and the travel / tourism industry has been experiencing solid growth. However, the cruise ship segment is the sector of the industry that has shown the most dramatic gains. Lines such as Carnival, Princess, Celebrity and Royal Caribbean have either ordered or put into service over 30 ships in a few years representing a tremendous capital investment (Prestige Travel Systems, 2007). The lure of cruise ships lies in their first class accommodations and immersing passengers into a totally contained package of luxury, gourmet meals, on ship shops, athletics , movies, entertainment, restaurants all while cruising to destinations. Carrying in the area of 4,000 passengers, with 10 to 15 decks, the veritable(prenominal) cruise ship boosts in the area of 10 restaurants, 250 waiters, and most are the same size or larger than the Queen Mary 2 (Guardian Unlimited, 2006). Industry executives in the cruise ship sector report that projections in cruise ship travel forecast it to increase in 2007 (Cruise Critic, 2006). The growth of this segment is good news to brick and mortar travel agencies as airline travel booking has been and is shifting to the online sector.The airline travel segment as a result of the Internet, and user penetration in the UK, 62.5%, has seen an increase in online bookings to the point where it now registers 53%, according to a survey conducted by Accenture (2005). The Report stated that 63% of respondents have booked hotels online, and that nearly two-thirds of those responding to the survey indicating that they expect to increase their use of low cost airlines where price is the primary consideration (Accenture, 2005). One of the key facets uncovered is that consumers are highly price sensitive and that since the 2003 survey it was noted that there has been a significant shift to online bookings from a live agent (Accenture, 2005).Table 5 chief(a) Method of Booking Business Travel(Accenture, 2005)Online53%Phone with a live agent27%In person12%Other8%Table 6 Internet Use for Flight Arrangements(Accenture, 2005)Research flight times and availability79%Purchase airline tickets66%Update and or change reservations28%Specify personal flight preferences26%Airline check in22%Access account history or receipts online19%None of the above12%Other2%Table 7 Personal Travel Preferences, Airline Type(Accenture, 2005)Major network carriers48%Low cost airlines46%Not applicable5%Other1%The foregoing indicates a high do it yourself mode in airline bookings whereby the comparisons are rather straight forward. Feat ures incorporated into online sites such as arranging your own seating has proved to be extremely popular, as has the printing of boarding passes and tickets (Economist, 2005). In fact, many online travel agencies are offering more than simply travel tickets and accommodations. Some have gifts shopping, hotel ranking sites, comments from other travelers, tickets to events and more, all in the labor to make the experience personable and get consumers to either remain on the site longer or return (Economist, 2005). As indicated under Table 6 Internet Use for Flight Arrangements, 79% of Internet users utilize online sites to research flight times and availability, while 66% actually purchase tickets. Naturally the more comfortable one

Democratic Leadership Style Advantages and Disadvantages

elective passing Style Advantages and DisadvantagesThe democratic leadership direction is a very decipherable and collegial style of rail a team. Ideas move drop offly amongst the group and are discussed openly. Everyone is given a seat at the table, and discussion is relatively free-flowing.This style is needed in ever-changing and rapidly changing environments where very little dope be taken as a constant. In these fast moving organizations, every option for advance has to be considered to keep the group from falling out of date.The democratic leadership style means facilitating the conversation, encouraging mess to share their ideas, and then synthesizing all the forthcoming information into the best possible decision. The democratic leader must also be able to communicate that decision back to the group to engage consonance the plan is chosen.When is it Used?When situations change frequently, democratic leadership offers a great deal of flexibility to adapt to be tter ways of doing things. Unfortunately, it is also roundwhat slake to make a decision in this structure, so while it may embrace newer and better methods it might not do so very quickly. pop leadership style can bring the best out of an get downd and professional team. It capitalizes on their skills and talents by letting them share their views, rather than simply expecting them to conform.If a decision is very complex and broad, it is important to have the different areas of expertise represented and contributing input this is where democratic leader shines.Good fits for Democratic leadershipCreative groups (advertising, design)ideas need to flow in yeasty environments to find create new concepts and designs.Consultingwhen paid to look problems and find solutions, your role will be to explore the possibilities in depth, and that means there has to be a great deal of exploration and open discussion.Much of the Service industrynew ideas allow for more than flexibility to c hanging customer demands.Educationfew places need to be open to different ideas than education, both by educators and their students.How to be rough-and-ready with this position pass off communication openIf the marketplace of ideas is spill to be open for business, everyone needs to feel comfortable enough to put their ideas on the table. The democratic leadership style thrives when all the considerations are laid out for everyone to examine.Focus the discussionIts hard to keep unstructured discussion productive. Its the leaders job to balance being open to ideas and keeping everything on-topic. If the conversation begins to stray, remind everyone of the goal on hand and then steer it back. Make sure to take note of off-topic comments and try to return to them when they are pertinent.Be ready to commitIn the democratic leadership style, you get presented with so many possibilities and suggestions that it can be overwhelming and difficult to commit. But as the leader, when the tim e comes, you have to choose and do so with conviction. The team depends on the clear and unambiguous mandates to be committed.Respect the ideasYou and your team might not fit out with every idea, and thats ok. It is important, however, that you create a healthy environment where those ideas are entertained and considered not maligned or the flow of ideas will slow to a trickle.Explain, but dont warrantYou want the advocates of the solutions that were not selected to at a lower placestand that their thoughts were considered and had validity, but that ultimately you had strong reasons to go a different direction. Its important that the decision be communicated, but you should not pardon for deciding on what you think.(http//www.leadership-toolbox.com/democratic-leadership-style.html)DemocraticLeadershipUnder democratic leadership, the people have a more participatory role in the decision do process. One person retains final say over all decisions but allows others to share insigh t and ideas.This is often a highly effective form of leadership. community are more likely to excel in their positions and develop more skills when they feel empowered, and people are empowered when they are involved in the decision-making process.Although it may take some time to achieve spacious participation from a group, the end result will be rewarding if you can manage to launch a power- sharing environment in your group project. You will find that democratic practices often lead to a more productive and higher quality plow group.Examples of democratic leadershipAsking all group members for ideas and input.Voting on the best course of action in a project.Asking group members to live with their strengths and provide input on how to divide the spirt. liEnabling members to work at their own pace and set their own deadlines.Pitfalls of Democratic LeadershipIt doesnt take too untold imagination to think of ways that democratic leadership could backfire during a group project . As you probably know, some members of a group will work well on their own and complete all work in a timely fashion. But there are other workers who will procrastinate-and that can lead to disaster.If you are a natural democratic leader, it might be necessary to learn some traits of the autocratic or bureaucratic leaders and faucet into them as necessary. Always have a backup plan on handWhat is Democratic Leadership?Democratic Leadership is the leadership style that promotes the sharing of responsibility, the exercise of delegation and continual consultation. The style has the get hitched withing characteristics1.Manager seeks consultation on all major issues and decisions.2.Manager effectively delegate tasks to subordinates and give them full control and responsibility for those tasks.3.Manager welcomes feedback on the results of intiatives and the work environment.4.Manager encourages others to become leaders and be involved in leadership development.What Are The Benefits Of The Democratic Leadership Style?Positive work environment.A culture where junior employees are given fair amount of responsibility and are allowed to challenge themselves is one where employees are more enthused to work and enjoy what they do.Successful initiatives.The process of consultation and feedback naturally results in better decision making and more effective operations. Companies run under democratic leadership tend to run into fewer grave mistake and catastrophes. To put it simply people tell a democraticleaderwhen something is going badly wrong, while employees are encouraged to simply hide it from an autocrat.Creative thinking.The free flow of ideas and positive work environment is the perfect catalyst for creative thinking. To further their leadership education, people often check theonline MBA rankingsto see whether MBA online is a match for them. The benefits of this arent just relevant for creative industries, because creative thinking is required to resolve proble ms in every single organisation, whatever its nature.Reduction of friction and office politics.By allowing subordinates to use their ideas and even more importantly gain credit for them, you are neatly reducing the amount of tension employees generate with their theatre director. When autocratic leaders refuse to listen to their workers, or blatantly ignore their ideas, they are effectively asking for people to talk behind their back and attempt to undermine or supercede them.Reduced employee turnover.When employees feel empowered through leadership development, a company will experience lower rates of employee turnover which has numerous benefits. A company that invests in leadership development for its employees, is investing in their future, and this is appreciated by a large(p) majority of the workforce.What Are The Disadvantages Of The Democratic Leadership Style?Lengthy and boring decision making.Seeking consultation over every decision can lead to a process so slow that it can cause opportunities to be missed, or hazards avoided too late.Danger of pseudo participation.Many managers simply pretend to follow a democratic leadership style simply to score a point in the eyes of their subordinates. Employees are quick to realise when their ideas arent actually valued, and that the manager is merely following procedure in asking for suggestions, but never actually implementing them. In other words, theyre simply exerting autocratic leadership in disguise.When Is The Democratic Leadership Style Effective?Now youve heard about the benefits and drawbacks of this leadership style, lets look at where its actually implemented in the business world.1.Democratic leadership is applied to an extent in the manufacturing industry, to allow employees to give their ideas on how processescanbecome leaner and more efficient. While Fordism is still applied in some factories across the country, truth is that production managers are now really starting to harness the motivat ional bonuses associated with not treating employees like robots anymore.2.Democratic leadershp is effective in proffessional organisations where the fury is clearly on training, professional leadership development and quality of work performed. Democratic procedures are simply just one cog in the effective leadership mechanisms firms likeThe Big Fourhave created over the years.3.Non profit organisations also tremendously benefit from drawing upon the creative energies of all their staff to bring about cost cutting techniques or fund raising ideas.4.As previously mentioned, creative industries such as advertising and television enjoy alot of benefits from the free flow of ideas that democratic leadership brings.

Literature review about data warehouse

Literature review about info w behouseCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 inletChapter 2 nominates literature review about info w behouse, OLAP MDDB and info mining concept. We reviewed concept, characteristics, design and work throughation come of each above menti aned technology to severalize a suitable entropy w arhouse framework. This framework will bind consolidation of OLAP MDDB and info mining elanl.Section 2.2 discussed about the fundamental of knowledge store which includes entropy storage store patterns and information touch techniques such(prenominal) as extract, transform and loading (ETL) processes. A comparative study was done on information storage w arhouse models introduced by William Inmons (Inmon, 1999), Ralph Kimball (Kimball, 1996) and Matthias Nicola (Nicola, 2000) to identify suitable model, design and characteristics. Section 2.3 introduces about OLAP model and architecture. We also discussed concept of processing in OLAP establish MDDB , MDDB lineation design and implementation. Section 2.4 introduces selective information mining techniques, methods and processes for OLAP mining (OLAM) which is apply to mine MDDB. Section 2.5 provides conclusion on literature review especially pointers on our decision to propose a naked-made data w arhouse model. Since we propose to use Microsoft product to implement the propose model, we also discussed a product comparison to justify why Microsoft product is selected. 2.2 entropy WAREHOUSEAccording to William Inmon, data w arhouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile collection of data in support of the managements decision-making process (Inmon, 1999). Data wargonhouse is a database containing data that ordinarily represents the slewiness history of an organization. This historical data is used for abstract that supports business decisions at many levels, from strategical planning to performance evaluation of a trenchant organizational u nit of measurement.It provides an effective integration of operational databases into an environment that enables strategic use of data (Zhou, Hull, King and Franchitti, 1995). These technologies include relative and MDDB management systems, customer/server architecture, meta-data imitate and repositories, graphical user interface and much more (Hammer, Garcia-Molina, Labio, Widom, and Zhuge, 1995 Harinarayan, Rajaraman, and Ullman, 1996). The emergence of cross discipline domain such as knowledge management in finance, wellness and e-commerce experience proved that vast amount of data need to be analysed. The evolution of data in data w arehouse prat provide nine-fold dataset dimensions to solve respective(a) problems. Thus, critical decision making process of this dataset needs suitable data warehouse model (Barquin and Edelstein, 1996).The main proponents of data warehouse are William Inmon (Inmon, 1999) and Ralph Kimball (Kimball, 1996). But they invite different perspe ctives on data warehouse in term of design and architecture. Inmon (Inmon, 1999) defined data warehouse as a parasitical data mart structure while Kimball (Kimball, 1996) defined data warehouse as a bus base data mart structure. Table 2.1 discussed the differences in data warehouse structure between William Inmon and Ralph Kimball.A data warehouse is a read- merely data chemical group system where nullify-users are not allowed to change the values or data elements. Inmons (Inmon, 1999) data warehouse architecture strategy is different from Kimballs (Kimball, 1996). Inmons data warehouse model splits data marts as a copy and distributed as an interface between data warehouse and end users. Kimballs views data warehouse as a unions of data marts. The data warehouse is the collections of data marts combine into one underlying repository. Figure 2.1 illustrates the differences between Inmons and Kimballs data warehouse architecture adopted from (Mailvaganam, 2007).Although Inmon a nd Kimball have a different design view of data warehouse, they do agree on successful implementation of data warehouse that depends on an effective collection of operational data and validation of data mart. The role of database scaffolding and ETL processes on data are inevitable components in both lookers data warehouse design. Both believed that dependant data warehouse architecture is necessary to fulfil the requirement of attempt end users in term of preciseness, timing and data relevancy2.2.1 DATA WAREHOUSE ARCHITECTUREAlthough data warehouse architecture have wide research scope, and it post be viewed in many perspectives. (Thilini and Hugh, 2005) and (Eckerson, 2003) provide some meaningful way to view and analyse data warehouse architecture. Eckerson states that a successful data warehouse system depends on database staging process which derives data from different integrated Online Transactional Processing (OLTP) system. In this case, ETL process plays a crucial role to take shape database staging process workable. Survey on factors that influenced selection on data warehouse architecture by (Thilini, 2005) indentifies five data warehouse architecture that are common in use as shown in Table 2.2Independent Data MartsIndependent data marts also known as localized or small scale data warehouse. It is mainly used by departments, divisions of company to provide individual operational databases. This type of data mart is simple stock-still consists of different form that was derived from multiple design structures from various in accordant database designs. Thus, it complicates cross data mart analytic thinking. Since every organizational units tend to build their own database which operates as independent data mart (Thilini and Hugh, 2005) cited the work of (Winsberg, 1996) and (Hoss, 2002), it is best used as an ad-hoc data warehouse and also to be use as a standard before expression a real data warehouse.Data Mart Bus Architecture(Kimball, 1996 ) pioneered the design and architecture of data warehouse with unions of data marts which are known as the bus architecture or virtual data warehouse. Bus architecture allows data marts not only located in one server but it can be also being located on different server. This allows the data warehouse to functions more in virtual mode and combined all data marts and process as one data warehouse.Hub-and-spoke architecture(Inmon, 1999) developed hub and spoke architecture. The hub is the central server taking consider of information exchange and the spoke handle data transformation for all regional operation data stores. Hub and spoke mainly decocted on building a scalable and maintainable infrastructure for data warehouse.Centralized Data Warehouse ArchitectureCentral data warehouse architecture build based on hub-and-spoke architecture but without the dependent data mart component. This architecture copies and stores heterogeneous operational and external data to a wholeness and consistent data warehouse. This architecture has only one data model which are consistent and complete from all data reference points. According to (Inmon, 1999) and (Kimball, 1996), central data warehouse should consist of database staging or known as operational data store as an intermediate stage for operational processing of data integration before transform into the data warehouse.Federated ArchitectureAccording to (Hackney, 2000), federated data warehouse is an integration of multiple heterogeneous data marts, database staging or operational data store, combination of analytical application and reportage systems. The concept of federated focus on integrated framework to hire data warehouse more reliable. (Jindal, 2004) conclude that federated data warehouse are a practical approach as it focus on higher dependability and provide excellent value.(Thilini and Hugh, 2005) conclude that hub and spoke and centralized data warehouse architectures are similar. Hub and spoke is f leet and easier to implement because no data mart are required. For centralized data warehouse architecture scored higher than hub and spoke as for urgency needs for relatively fast implementation approach.In this work, it is very important to identify which data warehouse architecture that is robust and scalable in terms of building and deploying enterprise wide systems. (Laney, 2000), states that selection of appropriate data warehouse architecture must incorporate successful characteristic of various data warehouse model. It is evident that two data warehouse architecture prove to be public as shown by (Thilini and Hugh, 2005), (Eckerson, 2003) and (Mailvaganam, 2007). First hub-and-spoke proposed by (Inmon, 1999) as it is a data warehouse with dependant data marts and momently is the data mart bus architecture with dimensional data marts proposed by (Kimball, 1996). The selection of the new proposed model will use hub-and-spoke data warehouse architecture which can be used for MDDB modelling.2.2.2 DATA WAREHOUSE EXTRACT, TRANSFORM, LOADINGData warehouse architecture process begins with ETL process to sick the data passes the quality threshold. According to Evin (2001), it is essential to have right dataset. ETL are an important component in data warehouse environment to ensure dataset in the data warehouse are cleansed from various OLTP systems. ETLs are also responsible for running scheduled tasks that extract data from OLTP systems. Typically, a data warehouse is populated with historical information from inwardly a particular(prenominal) organization (Bunger, Colby, Cole, McKenna, Mulagund, and Wilhite, 2001). The complete process descriptions of ETL are discussed in table 2.3.Data warehouse database can be populated with a wide variety of data sources from different locations, thus collecting all the different dataset and storing it in one central location is an extremely challenging task (Calvanese, Giacomo, Lenzerini, Nardi, and Rosati, , 2001) . However, ETL processes eliminate the complexity of data population via simplified process as depicts in realise 2.2. The ETL process begins with data extract from operational databases where data cleansing and scrubbing are done, to ensure all datas are validated. Then it is transformed to meet the data warehouse standards before it is loaded into data warehouse.(Zhou et al, 1995) states that during data integration process in data warehouse, ETL can assist in import and export of operational data between heterogeneous data sources using Object linking and embedding database (OLE-DB) based architecture where the data are transform to populate all validated data into data warehouse.In (Kimball, 1996) data warehouse architecture as depicted in figure 2.3 focuses on three important modules, which is the back room presentation server and the front room. ETL processes is implemented in the back room process, where the data staging serve in charge of gathering all source systems opera tional databases to perform extraction of data from source systems from different file format from different systems and platforms. The second step is to run the transformation process to ensure all inconsistency is removed to ensure data right. Finally, it is loaded into data marts. The ETL processes are commonly punish from a job control via scheduling task. The presentation server is the data warehouse where data marts are stored and process here. Data stored in asterisk schema consist of dimension and fact tables. This is where data are then process of in the front room where it is access by interrogatory services such as reporting tools, desktop tools, OLAP and data mining tools.Although ETL processes prove to be an essential component to ensure data integrity in data warehouse, the anaesthetize of complexity and scalability plays important role in deciding types of data warehouse architecture. One way to achieve a scalable, non-complex solution is to adopt a hub-and-spoke architecture for the ETL process. According to Evin (2001), ETL best operates in hub-and-spoke architecture because of its flexibility and efficiency. Centralized data warehouse design can influence the tending of wide of the mark access control of ETL processes.ETL processes in hub and spoke data warehouse architecture is recommended in (Inmon, 1999) and (Kimball, 1996). The hub is the data warehouse after processing data from operational database to staging database and the spoke(s) are the data marts for distributing data. Sherman, R (2005) state that hub-and-spoke approach uses one-to-many interfaces from data warehouse to many data marts. One-to-many are simpler to implement, cost effective in a long run and ensure consistent dimensions. Compared to many-to-many approach it is more complicated and costly.2.2.3 DATA WAREHOUSE FAILURE AND SUCCESS FACTORSBuilding a data warehouse is indeed a challenging task as data warehouse project inheriting a unique characteristics that whi tethorn influence the overall reliability and robustness of data warehouse. These factors can be applied during the analysis, design and implementation phases which will ensure a successful data warehouse system. Section 2.2.3.1 focus on factors that influence data warehouse project failure. Section 2.2.3.2 discusses on the success factors which implementing the correct model to support a successful data warehouse project.2.2.3.1 DATA WAREHOUSE FAILURE FACTORS(Hayen, Rutashobya, and Vetter, 2007) studies shows that implementing a data warehouse project is costly and risky as a data warehouse project can cost over $1 million in the first year. It is estimated that two-thirds of the effort of setting up the data warehouse projects attempt will fail eventually. (Hayen et al, 2007) cited on the work of (Briggs, 2002) and (Vassiliadis, 2004) noticed three factors for the failure of data warehouse project which is environment, project and practiced factors as shown in table 2.4.Environme nt leads to organization changes in term of business, politics, mergers, takeovers and lack of top management support. These include human error, corporate culture, decision making process and poor change management (Watson, 2004) (Hayen et al, 2007). Poor technical knowledge on the requirements of data definitions and data quality from different organization units may cause data warehouse failure. Incompetent and insufficient knowledge on data integration, poor selection on data warehouse model and data warehouse analysis applications may cause huge failure.In enkindle of heavy investment on hardware, software and people, poor project management factors may lead data warehouse project failure. For example, assigning a project manager that lacks of knowledge and project experience in data warehouse, may cause impediment of quantifying the return on investment (ROI) and achievement of project multiply constraint (cost, scope, time).Data ownership and accessibility is a potential fa ctor that may cause data warehouse project failure. This is considered vulnerable issue within the organization that one must not share or acquire someone else data as this considered losing authority on the data (Vassiliadis, 2004). Thus, it emphasis restriction on any departments to declare total ownership of pure clean and error free data that might cause potential problem on ownership of data rights.2.2.3.2 DATA WAREHOUSE SUCCESS FACTORS(Hwang M.I., 2007) stress that data warehouse implementations are an important area of research and indus runnel practices but only few researches made an assessment in the critical success factors for data warehouse implementations. He conducted a survey on six data warehouse researchers (Watson Haley, 1997 Chen et al., 2000 Wixom Watson, 2001 Watson et al., 2001 Hwang Cappel, 2002 Shin, 2003) on the success factors in a data warehouse project. He concluded his survey with a list of successful factors which influenced data warehouse implemen tation as depicted in figure 2.8. He shows eight implementation factors which will directly affect the six selected success variablesThe above mentioned data warehouse success factors provide an important guideline for implementing a successful data warehouse projects. (Hwang M.I., 2007) studies shows an integrated selection of various factors such as end user participation, top management support, acquisition of quality source data with profound and well-defined business needs plays crucial role in data warehouse implementation. Beside that, other factors that was highlighted by Hayen R.L. (2007) cited on the work of Briggs (2002) and Vassiliadis (2004), Watson (2004) such as project, environment and technical knowledge also influenced data warehouse implementation.SummaryIn this work on the new proposed model, hub-and-spoke architecture is use as Central repository service, as many scholars including Inmon, Kimball, Evin, Sherman and Nicola adopt to this data warehouse architectur e. This approach allows locating the hub (data warehouse) and spokes (data marts) centrally and can be distributed across local or wide area network depending on business requirement. In designing the new proposed model, the hub-and-spoke architecture clearly identifies six important data warehouse components that a data warehouse should have, which includes ETL, Staging Database or operational database store, Data marts, MDDB, OLAP and data mining end users applications such as Data query, reporting, analysis, statistical tools. However, this process may differ from organization to organization. Depending on the ETL setup, some data warehouse may overwrite old data with new data and in some data warehouse may only maintain history and audit trial of all changes of the data.2.3 ONLINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSINGOLAP Council (1997) define OLAP as a group of decision support system that facilitate fast, consistent and interactive access of information that has been reformulate, transformed and summarized from relational dataset mainly from data warehouse into MDDB which allow optimal data retrieval and for performing trend analysis.According to Chaudhuri (1997), Burdick, D. et al. (2006) and Vassiladis, P. (1999), OLAP is important concept for strategic database analysis. OLAP have the ability to analyze large amount of data for the extraction of valuable information. Analytical development can be of business, education or checkup sectors. The technologies of data warehouse, OLAP, and analyzing tools support that ability. OLAP enable discovering pattern and relationship contain in business activity by query tons of data from multiple database source systems at one time (Nigel. P., 2008). Processing database information using OLAP required an OLAP server to organize and transformed and builds MDDB. MDDB are then separated by cubes for client OLAP tools to perform data analysis which aim to discover new pattern relationship between the cubes. Some popular OLAP server s oftware programs include seer (C), IBM (C) and Microsoft (C).Madeira (2003) supports the fact that OLAP and data warehouse are complementary technology which blends to specifyher. Data warehouse stores and manages data while OLAP transforms data warehouse datasets into strategic information. OLAP function ranges from rudimentary navigation and browsing (often known as slice and dice), to calculations and also serious analysis such as time series and complex modelling. As decision-makers implement more advanced OLAP capabilities, they move from basic data access to creation of information and to discovering of new knowledge.2.3.4 OLAP ARCHITECTUREIn comparison to data warehouse which unremarkably based on relational technology, OLAP uses a third-dimensional view to aggregate data to provide rapid access to strategic information for analysis. There are three type of OLAP architecture based on the method in which they store multi-dimensional data and perform analysis operations on that dataset (Nigel, P., 2008). The categories are third-dimensional OLAP (MOLAP), relational OLAP (ROLAP) and hybrid OLAP (HOLAP). In MOLAP as depicted in plat 2.11, datasets are stored and summarized in a multidimensional cube. The MOLAP architecture can perform faster than ROLAP and HOLAP (C). MOLAP cubes designed and build for rapid data retrieval to enhance efficient slicing and dicing operations. MOLAP can perform complex calculations which have been pre-generated after cube creation. MOLAP processing is restricted to initial cube that was created and are not bound to any additional replication of cube.In ROLAP as depict in Diagram 2.12, data and aggregations are stored in relational database tables to provide the OLAP slicing and dicing functionalities. ROLAP are the slowest among the OLAP flavours. ROLAP relies on data manipulating directly in the relational database to give the manifestation of naturalized OLAPs slicing and dicing functionality. Basically, each slicing an d dicing action is equivalent to adding a WHERE clause in the SQL statement. (C)ROLAP can manage large amounts of data and ROLAP do not have any limitations for data size. ROLAP can influence the intrinsic functionality in a relational database. ROLAP are slow in performance because each ROLAP activity are essentially a SQL query or multiple SQL queries in the relational database. The query time and number of SQL statements executed measures by its complexity of the SQL statements and can be a bottleneck if the underlying dataset size is large. ROLAP essentially depends on SQL statements generation to query the relational database and do not cater all needs which make ROLAP technology conventionally limited by what SQL functionality can offer. (C)HOLAP as depict in Diagram 2.13, combine the technologies of MOLAP and ROLAP. Data are stored in ROLAP relational database tables and the aggregations are stored in MOLAP cube. HOLAP can drill down from multidimensional cube into the underl ying relational database data. To acquire summary type of information, HOLAP leverages cube technology for faster performance. Whereas to think back detail type of information, HOLAP can drill down from the cube into the underlying relational data. (C)In OLAP architectures (MOLAP, ROLAP and HOLAP), the datasets are stored in a multidimensional format as it involves the creation of multidimensional blocks called data cubes (Harinarayan, 1996). The cube in OLAP architecture may have three axes (dimensions), or more. Each axis (dimension) represents a logical phratry of data. One axis may for example represent the geographic location of the data, while others may indicate a state of time or a specific school. Each of the categories, which will be described in the following section, can be broken down into successive levels and it is possible to drill up or down between the levels.Cabibo (1997) states that OLAP partitions are normally stored in an OLAP server, with the relational data base frequently stored on a separate server from OLAP server. OLAP server must query across the network whenever it needs to access the relational tables to resolve a query. The impact of querying across the network depends on the performance characteristics of the network itself. Even when the relational database is placed on the same server as OLAP server, inter-process calls and the associated context switching are required to retrieve relational data. With a OLAP partition, calls to the relational database, whether local or over the network, do not occur during querying.2.3.3 OLAP FUNCTIONALITYOLAP functionality offers dynamic multidimensional analysis supporting end users with analytical activities includes calculations and modelling applied across dimensions, trend analysis over time periods, slicing subsets for on-screen viewing, drilling to deeper levels of records (OLAP Council, 1997) OLAP is implemented in a multi-user client/server environment and provide reliably fast re sponse to queries, in spite of database size and complexity. OLAP facilitate the end user integrate enterprise information through relative, customized viewing, analysis of historical and present data in various what-if data model scenario. This is achieved through use of an OLAP Server as depicted in diagram 2.9.OLAP functionality is provided by an OLAP server. OLAP server design and data structure are optimized for fast information retrieval in any course and flexible calculation and transformation of unprocessed data. The OLAP server may either actually canalise out the processed multidimensional information to distribute consistent and fast response times to end users, or it may fill its data structures in real time from relational databases, or offer a choice of both.Essentially, OLAP create information in cube form which allows more composite analysis pars to relational database. OLAP analysis techniques employ slice and dice and drilling methods to segregate data into loads of information depending on given parameters. Slice is identifying a single value for one or more variable which is non-subset of multidimensional array. Whereas dice function is application of slice function on more than two dimensions of multidimensional cubes. Drilling function allows end user to traverse between condensed data to about precise data unit as depict in Diagram 2.10.2.3.5 MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATABASE SCHEMAThe base of every data warehouse system is a relational database build using a dimensional model. Dimensional model consists of fact and dimension tables which are described as confidential information schema or snowflake schema (Kimball, 1999). A schema is a collection of database objects, tables, views and indexes (Inmon, 1996). To watch dimensional data modelling, Table 2.10 defines some of the terms commonly used in this type of modellingIn designing data models for data warehouse, the most commonly used schema types are star schema and snowflake schema. In t he star schema design, fact table sits in the middle and is machine-accessible to other surrounding dimension tables like a star. A star schema can be simple or complex. A simple star consists of one fact table a complex star can have more than one fact table.Most data warehouses use a star schema to represent the multidimensional data model. The database consists of a single fact table and a single table for each dimension. Each tuple in the fact table consists of a pointer or foreign key to each of the dimensions that provide its multidimensional coordinates, and stores the numeric measures for those coordinates. A tuple consist of a unit of data extracted from cube in a range of member from one or more dimension tables. (C, http//msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa216769%28SQL.80%29.aspx). Each dimension table consists of columns that chalk up to attributes of the dimension. Diagram 2.14 shows an example of a star schema For Medical Informatics System.Star schemas do not explic itly provide support for attribute hierarchies which are not suitable for architecture such as MOLAP which require lots of hierarchies of dimension tables for efficient drilling of datasets. Snowflake schemas provide a refinement of star schemas where the dimensional hierarchy is explicitly represented by normalizing the dimension tables, as shown in Diagram 2.15. The main advantage of the snowflake schema is the improvement in query performance due to minimized disk storage requirements and joining smaller lookup tables. The main disadvantage of the snowflake schema is the additional maintenance efforts needed due to the increase number of lookup tables. (C)Levene. M (2003) stresses that in addition to the fact and dimension tables, data warehouses store selected summary tables containing pre-aggregated data. In the simplest cases, the pre-aggregated data corresponds to aggregating the fact table on one or more selected dimensions. Such pre-aggregated summary data can be represente d in the database in at least two ways. Whether to use star or a snowflake mainly depends on business needs. 2.3.2 OLAP EvaluationAs OLAP technology taking declamatory place in data warehouse industry, there should be a suitable assessment tool to evaluate it. E.F. Codd not only invented OLAP but also provided a set of procedures which are known as the Twelve Rules for OLAP product ability assessment which include data function, unlimited dimensions and aggregation levels and flexible reporting as shown in Table 2.8 (Codd, 1993)Codd twelve rules of OLAP provide us an essential tool to verify the OLAP functions and OLAP models used are able to produce desired result. Berson, A. (2001) punctuate that a good OLAP system should also support a complete database management tools as a utility for integrated centralized tool to let database management to perform distribution of databases within the enterprise. OLAP ability to perform drilling mechanism within the MDDB allows the functio nality of drill down right to the source or root of the detail record level. This implies that OLAP tool permit a smooth changeover from the MDDB to the detail record level of the source relational database. OLAP systems also must support incremental database refreshes. This is an important feature as to prevent stability issues on operations and usability problems when the size of the database increases.2.3.1 OLTP and OLAPThe design of OLAP for multidimensional cube is entirely different compare to OLTP for database. OLTP is implemented into relational database to support daily processing in an organization. OLTP system main function is to capture data into computers. OLTP allow effective data manipulation and storage of data for daily operational resulting in huge quantity of transactional data. Organisations build multiple OLTP systems to handle huge quantities of daily operations transactional data can in short period of time.OLAP is designed for data access and analysis to supp ort managerial user strategic decision making process. OLAP technology focuses on aggregating datasets into multidimensional view without hindering the system performance. According to Han, J. (2001), states OLTP systems as Customer oriented and OLAP is a market oriented. He summarized major differences between OLTP and OLAP system based on 17 key criteria as shown in table 2.7.It is complicated to merge OLAP and OLTP into one centralized database system. The dimensional data design model used in OLAP is much more effective for querying than the relational database query used in OLTP system. OLAP may use one central database as data source and OLTP used different data source from different database sites. The dimensional design of OLAP is not suitable for OLTP system, mainly due to redundancy and the loss of referential integrity of the data. Organization chooses to have two separate information systems, one OLTP and one OLAP system (Poe, V., 1997).We can conclude that the purpose o f OLTP systems is to get data into computers, whereas the purpose of OLAP is to get data or information out of computers. 2.4 DATA MININGMany data mining scholars (Fayyad, 1998 Freitas, 2002 Han, J. et. al., 1996 Frawley, 1992) have defined data mining as discovering concealed patterns from historical datasets by using pattern recognition as it involves searching for specific, unknown information in a database. Chung, H. (1999) and Fayyad et al (1996) referred data mining as a step of knowledge discovery in database and it is the process of analyzing data and extracts knowledge from a large database also known as data warehouse (Han, J., 2000) and making it into useful information.Freitas (2002) and Fayyad (1996) have recognized the advantageous tool of data mining for extracting knowledge from a da

Ancient Crete Essay -- History Historical Essays

Ancient CreteFirst Inhabitants?Humans are believed to squander arrived on the island now known as Crete sometime between 6500-6000 BCE, and the early neolithic inhabitants may have arrived from Asia Minor.? While these early inhabitants were primitive, they had already adapted some stages of productivity such as possessing domestic animals (?Minoan,? Dilos).? Modern archeological findings date camp-made ceramic pottery, which was frequently decorated with incised geometric motifs and made to imitate vessels made of straw, wood, or hide, to this early time period (Koutsoupakis).? Minoan Civilization? approximately 3000 BCE, Crete became the home of the early Minoan civilization, a Bronze Age culture, named after the legendary ruler Minos.? It is uncertain whether the king was an actual person or not, save legends about him were grand and mythical.? Some tales included his pet Minotaur, a flesh-eating monster with the head of bull and the body of a man (?Minoan,? EB).? The arrival o f the Minoans began a period of prosperity on the island, and during the subsequent centuries, Crete became the first center of high civilization in that area of the Mediterranean and fascinated the Greeks as a opening of myths, legends, and laws.Early Minoans built strong houses of stone and brick that often had a large number of rooms, red plaster walls, and paved courtyards, though evidence suggests the inhabitants may have continued to live in caves for some time as well (?Minoan,? Dilos).? People apparently lived in genos, or clans, and they developed consistent farming, stock raising, shipping, and commerce.? By this time, the Mother Goddess was worshiped as a form of a deity and a sort of cult symbol.? These early inhabitants are well known fo... ...roughout these later historic periods, Crete never flourished and impacted the Mediterranean as it had during the infamous and prosperous Minoan period (Koutsopakis).* For wonderful photos and links about ancient Crete, visit th e Dilos Website at www.dilos.com/ positioning/13406.Works CitedBroad, William J., ?Debate erupts anew Did Theras explosion doom Minoan Crete International Herald Tribune, October 23, 2003.?Crete.? Encyclopedia Britannica. 2003. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.Koutsoupakis, Spyros. ?A Brief History of Crete.? Linked to WorldHistoryCompass.Com.? http//hep.physics.uch.gr/HistCrete.htm. INTERNET.?Minoan Civilization.? Encyclopedia Britannica. 2003. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.?Minoan Civilization? Dilos Website. 2003. www.dilos.com/location/13406. INTERNET.?The Missing Minoans.? www.historyworld.net. INTERNET.